Effects Of Alcoholism On A Family - 1635 Words

â€Å"Approximately 26.8 million children are exposed to alcoholism in the family and 6.6 million children age 18 and younger live in households with at least one alcoholic parent† (Rachel Lohmann P.H.D. Broken Promises). As the numbers state alcoholism is a major problem in our society. Day after day young children, spouses, friends, and other family members are affected greatly by one alcoholic. In order to understand the full effects that alcoholism has on a family as a whole, it is crucial to understand what alcohol does to the body, why an alcoholic thinks the way that they do, behavioral traits of alcoholics, how children are affected by alcoholism in the home, and finally different forms of help that are offered for alcoholics. According to a clinical study published by The Medical College of Shantou University â€Å"Alcohol consumption has immediate effects on multiple cognitive-motor processing domains and leads to damage of multiple attention abilities†. In plainer terms alcohol messes with the chemicals in your brain that affects things like reaction time. Alcohol actually alters these chemicals, increasing and decreasing some. This change in chemicals is almost instantaneous, one of the main chemicals affected is dopamine. Dopamine is defined by psychologytoday.com as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is responsible for transmitting signals in between the nerve cells of the brain. Basically, it is the chemical that is responsible for making us feel happy. DavidShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The Alcoholic And Their Families1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Alcoholism Alcohol indefinitely changed my life. My husband is an alcoholic. What is alcoholism? Why do people drink? What are the effects on the alcoholic and their families? How do you know you have a problem. What is the treatment? Is there a cure? How has this affected my life? People from all walks of life drink. The difference is: do you control the alcohol or does it control you? Alcoholism is a constant battle that many people struggle with. Alcoholism formerlyRead MoreAlcoholism and Its Effects on a Family Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism and Its Effects on a Family Alcoholism, although thought mostly of its impact on the alcoholic themselves, it is also a very present problem in the ruining of his or her friends and their families lives. Someone who may be a fully functional, great person to his or her family may be extremely dangerous, dishonest, and destructive while they are underRead MoreAlcoholism and the Effects on Family Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesChris Landry Prof. Horowitz Synthesis Essay 10/26/07 Alcoholism and the Effects on a Family Alcoholism, although thought mostly of its impact on the alcoholic themselves, it is also a very present problem in the ruining of his or her friends and their families lives. Someone who may be a fully functional, great person to his or her family may be extremely dangerous, dishonest, and destructive while they are under the influence of alcohol. This instance occursRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On Family, Children, And The Individuals Suffering From Alcoholism988 Words   |  4 Pagestoday, alcoholism. I am sure that even if your life is not directly affected by the disease, you are at least a little familiar with the basics. In this paper I plan to give you a brief understanding of the three basic issues you should be informed upon so you can make better decisions involving alcohol in the future. First, I will discuss who is at the most risk of falling victim to alcoholism, second, I will discuss the symptoms of alcoholism, and finally I will discuss the impact alcoholism has onRead MoreEffects Of Alcoholism On Our Family Members, Friends, And School Mates1806 Words   |  8 Pagesorganization could be the key to saving the lives of our family members, friends, and school-mates. Imagine yourself in this position, what would you do next? Make the choice to help out. Drunk Driving The issue to be examined is Alcoholism in Licking county, what programs are already introduced, and why they are not working effectively. This is significant because alcoholism is a very difficult disease to prevent and treat. Alcoholism is classified as an addiction to the consumptionRead MoreAlcoholism : Alcoholism And Drug Dependence1054 Words   |  5 PagesAlcoholism is a problem affecting millions of families around the world. Based on the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Inc., Alcoholism is considered a family disease due to the amount of stress that family members go through (NCADD, 2016). Alcoholism is an addiction that requires treatment and support from family members and friends. It is important, to understand the effects that alcoholism can bring to the alcoholic and to the family members. Some of these effects cause healthRead MoreSoc 203 social problems1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Alcoholism: A Social Problem I. Introduction Alcoholism is a major social problem that not only has an impact on the life of an alcoholic, but family members as well as society. Alcoholism is the third most common mental illness that affects more than 17 million people in the United States according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse. Alcoholism does not discriminate against age, race nor gender. II. Scope Alcoholism is defined as a disorderRead MoreAlcoholism: Symptoms, Causes, and Effects Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism: Symptoms, Causes, and Effects Composition I April 1, 1997 Alcoholism is a disease that affects many people in the United States today. It not only affects the alcoholic, but also their family, friends, co- workers, and eventually total strangers. The symptoms are many, as are the causes and the effects. Alcoholism is defined as a pattern of drinking in which harmful consequences result for the drinker, yet, they continue to drink. There are two types of drinkers. The first typeRead MoreAlcoholism : A Silent Killer1624 Words   |  7 Pageshome for me. Alcoholism is a silent killer in today’s society. Research proves that alcoholism effects the whole family from the inside out. Alcoholism within a family recreates unhealthy family roles in order to help adapt to living with an alcoholic. 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Instructions for Filling Out Income Tax Return Form Saral-Ii Itr-1 Free Essays

string(27) " exceed one lakh rupees\)\." These instructions are guidelines for filling the particulars in this Return Form. In case of any doubt, please refer to relevant provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961 and the Income-tax Rules, 1962. Assessment Year for which this Return Form is applicable This Return Form is applicable for assessment year 2010-2011 only, i. We will write a custom essay sample on Instructions for Filling Out Income Tax Return Form Saral-Ii Itr-1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. , it relates to income earned in Financial Year 2009-10.Who can use this Return Form This Return Form is to be used by an individual whose total income for the assessment year 2010-11 includes:(a) Income from Salary/ Pension; or (b) Income from One House Property (excluding cases where loss is brought forward from previous years); or (c) Income from Other Sources (Excluding Winning from Lottery and Income from Race Horses). Further, in a case where the income of another person like spouse, minor child, etc. is to be clubbed with the income of the assessee, this Return Form can be used only if the income being clubbed falls into the above income categories.Who cannot use this Return Form This Return Form should not be used by an individual whose total income for the assessment year 2010-11 includes,(a) Income from more than one house property; or (b) Income from Winnings from lottery or income from Race horses; or (c) Income under the head â€Å"Capital Gains†, which are not exempt from tax, e. g. , short-term capital gains or long-term capital gains from sale of house, plot, etc. ; or (d) Income from agriculture in excess of Rs. 5,000; or (e) Income from Business or Profession. Annexure-less Return Form No document (including TDS certificate) should be attached to this Return Form.All such documents enclosed with this Return Form will be detached and returned to the person filing the return. Manner of filing this Return Form This Return Form can be filed with the Income Tax Department in any of the following ways, (i) by furnishing the return in a paper form; (ii) by furnishing the return electronically under digital signature; (iii) by transmitting the data in the return electronically and thereafter submitting the verification of the return in Return Form ITR-V; (iv) by furnishing a Bar-coded return.Where the Return Form is furnished in the manner mentioned at 5(iii), the assessee should print out two copies of Form ITR-V. One copy of ITR-V, duly signed by the assessee, has to be sent by ordinary post to Post Bag No. 1, Electronic City Office, Bangaluru–560100 (Karnataka). The other copy may be retained by the assessee for his record. Filling out the acknowledgement Only one copy of this Return Form is required to be filed.Where the Return Form is furnished in the manner mentioned at 5(i) or at 5(iv), the acknowledgement slip attached with this Return Form should be duly filled. Codes for filling this Return Form Under the heading ‘Filing Status’ in the Return Form details have to be filled out regarding section under which the return is being filed on the basis of relevant codes. The codes corresponding to the section under which a return is being filed are as under:Sl. No. How the return is filed Code i. Voluntarily before the due date under section 139 11 ii. Voluntarily after the due date under section 139 12 iii. In response to notice under section 142(1) 13 iv. In response to notice under section 148 14 v. In response to notice under section 153A/ 153C 15 Obligation to file return Every individual whose total income before allowing deductions under Chapter VI-A of the Income-tax Act, exceeds the maximum amount which is not chargeable to income tax is obligated to furnish his return of income. The deductions under Chapter VI-A are mentioned in item 5 (â€Å"Income and Deductions†) of this Return Form.The maximum amount not chargeable to income tax in case of different categories of individuals is as follows:Sl. No. Category Amount (in Rs. ) i. In case of individuals below the age of 65 years (other than women) 1,60,000 ii. In case of women below the age of 65 years 1,90,000 iii. In case of individuals who are of the age of 65 years or more at any time 2,40,000 during the financial year 2009-10. Details to be filled in this Return Form The details to be filled out in this Return Form are self-explanatory.However, some of the items which are to be filled out have been explained below:(a) e-mail address and phone number are optional; (b) In â€Å"employer category†, Government category will include Central Government/ State Governments employees. PSU category will include public sector companies of Central Government and State Government; (c) In item 1, fill the details of salary/ pension as given in TDS certificate (Form 16) issued by the employer. However, if the income has not been computed correctly in Form No. 6, please make the correct computation and fill the same in this item. Further, in case there was more than one employer during the year, please furnish in this item the details in respect of total salaries from various employers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. (d) In Item 3, please fill the details of Income which is chargeable to income-tax under the head â€Å"income from other sources† other than income from Winnings from Lotteries or Income from Race Horses. (e) In Item 27, please fill total of Exempt income including Dividend income etc. f) In item 6, fill the details of deductions allowable under following sections of Chapter VI-A as under:(i) Section 80C (Some of the major items for deduction under this section are- amount paid or deposited towards life insurance, contribution to Provident Fund set up by the Government, recognised Provident Fund, contribution by the assessee to an approved superannuation fund, subscription to National Savings Certificates, tuition fees, payment/ repayment for purposes of purchase or construction of a residential house and many other investments)(for full list, please refer to section 80C of the Income-tax Act) (Please note that as provided in section 80CCE, aggregate amount of deduction under section 80C, 80CCC and 80CCD shall not exceed one lakh rupees). You read "Instructions for Filling Out Income Tax Return Form Saral-Ii Itr-1" in category "Papers" ii) Section 80CCC (Deduction in respect of contr ibutions to certain pension funds) (iii) Section 80CCD (Deduction in respect of contributions to pension scheme of Central Government) (iv) Section 80D (Deduction in respect of Medical Insurance Premium) (v) Section 80DD (Deduction in respect of maintenance including medical treatment of dependent who is a person with disability) (vi) Section 80DDB (Deduction in respect of medical treatment, etc. ) (vii) Section 80E (Deduction in respect of interest on loan taken for higher education) (viii) Section 80G (Deduction in respect of donations to certain funds, charitable institutions, etc. ) (ix) Section 80GG (Deduction in respect of rents paid) (x) Section 80GGA (Deduction in respect of certain donations for scientific research or rural development) (xi) Section 80GGC (Deduction in respect of contributions given by any person to political parties) (xii) Section 80U (Deduction in case of a person with disability) (g) In item No. , the tax liability has to be computed for items as under:( i) In case of individuals (other than women and individuals who are of the age of 65 years or more at any time during the financial year 2009-10) Income (In Rs. ) Tax Liability (In Rs. ) Upto Rs. 1,60,000 Nil Between Rs. 1,60,001 – Rs. 3,00,000 10% of income in excess of Rs. 1,60,000 Between Rs. 3,00,001 – Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 14,000 + 20% of income in excess of Rs. 3,00,000 Above Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 54,000 + 30% of income in excess of Rs. 5,00,000 (ii) In case of women (other than women who are of the age of 65 years or more at any time during the financial year 2009-10)Income (In Rs. ) Tax Liability (In Rs. ) Upto Rs. ,90,000 Nil Between Rs. 1,90,001 – Rs. 3,00,000 10% of income in excess of Rs. 1,90,000 Between Rs. 3,00,001 – Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 11,000 + 20% of income in excess of Rs. 3,00,000 Above Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 51,000 + 30% of income in excess of Rs. 5,00,000 (iii) In case of individuals who are of the age of 65 years or more at any time during the financial year 2009-10Income (In Rs. ) Tax Liability (In Rs. ) Upto Rs. 2,40,000 Nil Between Rs. 2,40,001 – Rs. 3,00,000 10% of income in excess of Rs. 2,40,000 Between Rs. 3,00,001 – Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 6,000 + 20% of income in excess of Rs. 3,00,000 Above Rs. 5,00,000 Rs. 46,000 + 30% of income in excess of Rs. ,00,000 (h) There is no surcharge for AY 2010-11. (i) In item No. 9, calculate the education cess including secondary and higher education cess at the rate of three per cent of item No. 8 (j) In item No. 11, claim the relief, if any, allowable under section 89 in respect of arrears or advances of salary received during the year. In Item 12, enter details of any relief under sections 90/91. (k) In item 22- Please quote the MICR code of the bank if you desire to receive the refund through electronic clearing system (ECS). However, it may not be possible to issue the refund in all cases through ECS since the ECS facility is not available across the country. l) In items 23 and 24, please furnish the details in accordance with Form 16 issued by the employer(s) in respect of salary income and Form 16A issued by a person in respect of interest income and other sources of income. Further in order to enable the Income Tax Department to provide accurate, quicker and full credit for taxes deducted at source, the taxpayer must ensure to quote complete details of every TDS transaction. (m) In item No. 25, please enter details of tax payments, i. e. , advance tax and self-assessment tax made by you. (n) In item No. 26, the details of following transactions, if any, entered by you during the financial year 2009-10 are to be entered. (If a transaction is not entered, please leave blank the relevant column in this item). Sl.No Code Nature of transaction . 1. 001 Cash deposits aggregating to ten lakh rupees or more in a year in any savings account by you maintained in a banking company to which the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949), applied (including any bank or banking institution referred to in section 51 of that Act) Payment made by you against bills raised in respect of a credit card aggregating to two lakh rupees or more in a year. 3. 003 Payment made by you of an amount of two lakh rupees or more for purchase of units of Mutual Fund. 4. 004 Payment made by you of an amount of five lakh rupees or more for acquiring bonds or debentures issued by a company or institution. 5. 05 Payment made by you of an amount of one lakh rupees or more for acquiring shares issued by a company. 6. 006 Purchase by you of any immovable property valued at thirty lakh rupees or more. 7. 007 Sale by you of any immovable property valued at thirty lakh rupees or more. 8. 008 Payment made by you of an amount of five lakh rupees or more in a year for investment in bonds issued by Reserve Bank of India. (o)In Item No. 27 – Please enter details of all exempt incomes, e. g. , Dividend Income, Income from long-term capital gains on which securities transaction tax has been paid. Income from agriculture not exceeding Rs. 5,000, etc. (p) In Item No. 8 – This return can be prepared by a Tax Return Preparer (TRP) also in accordance with the Tax Return Preparer Scheme, 2006 dated 28th November, 2006. If the return has been prepared by him, the relevant details have to be filled by him in item No. 28 and the return has to be countersigned by him in the space provided in the said item. The Tax Return Preparer is entitled to a maximum fees of Rs. 250/- from the taxpayer. TRP is also entitled to a reimbursement from the Government for following three years as under:(i) 3 per cent of the tax paid on the income declared in the return for the first eligible assessment year (first eligible assessment year means the assessment year if o return has been furnished for at least three assessment years preceding to that assessment year); (ii) 2 per cent of the tax paid on the income declared in the return for the second eligible assessment year (second eligible assessment year means the assessment year immediately following the first eli gible assessment year); (iii) 1 per cent of the tax paid on the income declared in the return for the third eligible assessment year (third eligible assessment year means the assessment year immediately following the second eligible assessment year); For these three eligible assessment years, the TRP will be eligible for the fee from the taxpayer to the extent of the amount by which Rs. 250/- exceeds the amount of reimbursement receivable by him from the Government. 10.How to compute In the case of salaried employees, perquisites have to be valued in accordance with the notification No. SO. 3245(E) dated 18. 12. 2009, for the purposes of including their value in the salary income. How to compute Income from Salary (In case of multiple employers replicate items 1 to 6 for additional employers) Name of Employer 1: 1 Salary (Excluding all allowances, perquisites profit in lieu of salary)from Form 16 1 2 Allowances exempt under section 10 (not to be included in 2 Salary) 3 Allowances not exempt 3 4 Value of perquisites 4 5 Profits in lieu of salary 5 6 Taxable Salary from Employer 1 (1+3+4+5) 6 To be mentioned in Item 1 of ITR 1 Return Form ?Total Salary Income How to compute Income from House Property 1 House Property Annual letable value/ rent received or receivable (higher if let out for whole of the year, lower a 1a if let out for part of the year) 1b b The amount of rent which cannot be realized 1c c Tax paid to local authorities 1d d Total ( 1b + 1c) e Balance (1a – 1d) 1e 1f f 30% of 1e Interest payable on borrowed capital (restricted to Rs 1g g 1,50,000 if NOT ‘Let Out’) h Total (1f + 1g) 1h i Income from house property 1 (1e – 1h) 1i 4 Income under the head â€Å"Income from house property† a Rent of earlier years realized under section 25A/AA 4a b Arrears of rent received during the year under section 25B after deducting 30% 4b To be mentioned in Item 2 of this Return Form ? Total Income from House Property (4a c 4c + 4b + 1i)Please include the income, if any, of specified persons such as minor children while computing the income under this head, if property NOTE is in their name HOUSE PROPERTY SALARIES 2. 002 How to compute Income from Other Sources (In case of multiple FD interest, other interest from savings account fill the total in item 1b) 1 Income other than from owning race horse(s):a Taxable Dividends, Gross 1a b Interest, Gross 1b Rental income from machinery, plants, buildings, c 1c etc. Gross d Others, Gross 1d e Total (1a + 1b + 1c + 1d) 1e f Deductions under section 57:fi i Expenses fii ii Depreciation fiii iii Total g Balance (1e – fiii) 1g 2 To be mentioned in Item 3 of this Return Form ? Total Income from other sources (1e + 1g) 2 Please include the income, if any, of specified persons such as minor children while computing the income under this head, if FD etc is NOTE in their name. How to compute Exempt Income (Income not to be included in Total Income) 1 Interest income 2 Dividend income 3 Long-term capital gains on which Securities Transaction Tax is paid 4 Net Agriculture income (not exceeding Rs. 5,000) 5 Others, including exempt income of minor child 6 To be mentioned in Item 27 of this Return Form ?Total (1+2+3+4+5) How to compute deduction under section 80G (Please list donations of different types below) A Donations entitled for 100% deduction (eg Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund) Name of donee i ii iii Total DETAILS OF DONATIONS Donations entitled for 50% deduction where donee not required to be approved under section B 80G(5) (vi) (eg Prime Minister’s Drought Relief Fund) Name of donee i ii iii Total Donations entitled for 50% deduction where donee is required to be approved under section C 80G(5) (vi) (eligible donation is restricted to 10 % of Total Income after other deductions) Name and address of donee i ii iii Total To be mentioned in Item 6 of this Return Form ? Total Deduction under Section 80 G = D {100% of Aiii + 50 % of Biii + 50% of [Maximum of 10% of Total Income After Other Deductions ((Item 4 – Sum of Items (5a to 5l except 5h)) or (Ciii)]} OTHER SOURCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 EXEMPT INCOME Amoun t of donation Ai Aii Aiii Amount of donation Bi Bii Biii Amount of donation Ci Cii Ciii D How to cite Instructions for Filling Out Income Tax Return Form Saral-Ii Itr-1, Papers

Little Wing Analysis free essay sample

Little Wing has arguably become one of their most celebrated songs, and can perhaps be said to be Hendrix most endearing ballad. This essay will attempt to analyses how aspects of the music have given it such an admirably distinct character. The sound is somewhat determined by the rock trio instrumentation, and the most defining aspect is arguably Hendrix guitar playing.Hendrix guitar was tuned a semitone down for the recording, and this had the effect of creating a denser tone than would be reduced normally, and made certain guitar techniques easier. Through this and other sound-shaping processes, such as assumed choosing his Scoutmasters neck or middle pickup to give a Warm tone, keeping the sound clean, and using the Octavia effects pedal [Brown 1997: 163; Sieves 1989], Hendrix produced a rich tone for the rhythm guitar part.The Leslie Speaker [Brown 1997: 160,163; Kramer McDermott 1992] that Jim ran both his guitar [Junior 2008: 110, 111] and voice through has a prominent effect upon the mix, more obviously upon the vocals. The choice mostly sounds in front of the listener In the stereo image, but the speaker makes a part of the signal flicker to the right. In conjunction with a slight phasing [Brown 1997: 163; Kramer McDermott 1992] of the signal, the split vocal sounds slightly out of time with itself, and the overall effect gives the voice a delicate, ethereal quality, which is complimented by the timbre of the glockenspiel.The tonal centre of the song is be, and the form is five repetitions of the same harmonic structure, with the last repetition fading out after four bars. The opening cycle Is Just guitar and glockenspiel, until a drum fill In bar 10 signifies the approach of verse 1. This contrasts with Stings and Derek and the Dominoes versions, which fade in straight to a verse and begin with a full-band riff respectively. In verse 1, the bass and vocals are added to the texture, which remains the same for two verses.The fourth cycle, which is a guitar solo, is anticipated by a dive bomb using the guitars tremolo arm, and introduces a lead guitar part over the original rhythm part, which now mostly strums the changes. The fifth cycle continues the solo until the fade out. For most of the song there is a 4/4 feel, yet come the 89th bars of each cycle the beat becomes harder to trace. As the Cb at that point lasts for only two beats, it seems that bar 8 is in 2/4, and that bar 9 then returns to 4/4, showing an instance of harmonic rhythm dictating metric feel. The chord progression is as follows: be, b, ABA, be-7, b, A, ABA, Cb, KGB, Feb., Cb, and Db. The A and Feb. are not diatonic to the key of be minor, and whilst A Is a passing chord between b and ABA, the Feb. seems more tractably significant. Because of this, Brown [1997] states the Intermediary chords arise from contrapuntal motion between the V chord in measure 5 and the VII chord in measures 9-10, suggesting that the chords between b and Db are not of much structural importance. However, if these chords were omitted, the harmonic character of the song would become so different that it seems they cannot be merely decorative. It Is perhaps more apt to consider bars 6-8 (or Just 6-7) as being in the that bars 9 (or 8) to 10 return to the tonic key. The melody is decorative throughout, featuring mordents, double stops, and come the solo, pitch bends. In cycle 1, the guitar melody outlines the chord changes by beginning each bar with a bass root note, doubled by the glockenspiel. The melody seemingly alters the harmony in cycle one from what is described above. For instance, the first bar of the other cycles is simply be, but the phrases on the last two beats of bar 1 suggest KGB and ABA, leading the melody convincingly into the KGB phrases of the next bar.In bar 2, rather than imply being b, the hammer-on to and repeated striking of B on the 3rd and 4th beats suggests Suburbs. Bar 5 has a C in the top voice, evoking bad, which makes this the first non-diatonic phrase in the song. The ending of the double-stop phrase Ninth Be and KGB in bar 6 suggests, along with the Cb from the ABA chord, Cb/Be. In bar seven, starting on beat 2, descending parallel TTS imply bombard, Gabbed, and Faded. Yet another 9th is used to color the following Cb, and another double stop phrase ends the opening guitar section with Db/F of first beat of bar 10.The extensive effects, psychedelic lyrics, and extended solo perhaps make the song seem typical of acid rock. Yet it is significant that the effects are conservative compared to other songs on the album rather than seeming alien and surreal, they highlight a delicate quality. Whats more, the subject matter is more understandable than other songs of the time, as it is trying to communicate an emotional experience. And lastly, t is the Juxtaposition of the raw solo with the delicate, decorative rhythm guitar that s poignant, as both tenderness [Brown 1997: 163] and passion are evoked. The culmination of these things is the essence of the song an invocation of the feelings Hendrix experienced playing at the Monterey Pop Festival put in the form of a Hendrix 1994: 70] a sense of communal intimacy encapsulated in an image of desire and affection. Through the combination of the constituent parts of the music, Hendrix tries to communicate the feelings he had as a universal message. Inch is apt when one considers it was released in the year of the Summer of Love.

Rooselvelt Essays - Delano Family, Livingston Family,

Rooselvelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States. Roosevelt served longer than any other president. His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated; the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, passed after his death, denies the right of any person to be elected president more than twice. Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism. Both in peacetime and in war his impact on the office of president was enormous. Although there had been strong presidents before him, they were the exception. In Roosevelt's 12 years in office strong executive leadership became a basic part of United States government. He made the office of president the center of diplomatic initiative and the focus of domestic reform. Roosevelt was born at his family's estate at Hyde Park, in Dutchess County, New York. He was the only child of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. James Roosevelt was a moderately successful businessman, with a variety of investments and a special interest in coal. He was also a conservative Democrat who was interested in politics. His home overlooking the Hudson River was comfortable without being ostentatious, and the family occupied a prominent position among the social elite of the area. Sara Delano, 26 years younger than her previously widowed husband, brought to the marriage a fortune considerably larger than that of James Roosevelt. The Delano family had prospered trading with China, and Sara herself had spent some time with her parents in Hong Kong. Thus, Franklin was born into a pleasant and sociable home, with loving parents and congenial, rather aristocratic companions. Roosevelt often taken on European trips, and he also spent much time at a vacation home that James Roosevelt purchased on Campobello Island, on the Bay of Fundy, in New Brunswick, Canada. It was a pleasant life for the young Roosevelt, who was fond of the outdoors. He soon developed a passionate interest in natural history and became an ardent bird watcher. He grew to love outdoor sports and became an expert swimmer and a fine sailor. His mother supervised his education until he was 14. French-speaking and German-speaking tutors did most of the actual instruction and helped him develop early a talent for those languages. Young Roosevelt was a voracious reader. He was particularly fond of adventure tales, especially those that touched on the sea. He also developed an absorbing interest in stamp collecting, a hobby that taught him both history and geography and that was to afford him pleasure and relaxation during all of his adult life. Rossevelts selected Groton School in Massachusetts, which had a reputation as one of the finest of the exclusive private schools that prepared boys for the Ivy League colleges. Young Roosevelt was a good student, popular with his fellow students as well as with his teachers. From Groton Roosevelt went on to Harvard College. He entered in 1899, the year before his father died, and remained until 1904. He took his bachelor's degree in 1903 but returned to Harvard in the fall to serve as editor of the student newspaper, The Crimson. He was an above-average student at Harvard, but he devoted a great deal of time to extracurricular activities, and his grades suffered as a consequence. He was particularly interested in history and political economy and took courses in those subjects with outstanding professors. Although he was a competent journalist, his editorials in The Crimson were chiefly concerned with school spirit in athletics and show no sign of growing social consciousness or political awareness. However, he joined a Republican club in 1900, out of boyish enthusiasm for the vice-presidential candidacy of his distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt. In 1904 he cast his first vote in a presidential election for his cousin, who had become president after the a ssassination of President William McKinley in 1901.