Free Essays on Ideology According To Marx And Althusser In Relation To Bartleby The Scrivener

, resource, what one needs to live. Means is gained by devices, and with out philosophy and ideas, no culture would create and no gatherings would shape, and thusly one... Free Essays on Ideology According To Marx And Althusser In Relation To Bartleby The Scrivener Free Essays on Ideology According To Marx And Althusser In Relation To Bartleby The Scrivener Belief system as indicated by Karl Marx and Louis Althusser according to Herman Mellvile’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† Belief system is characterized as one’s certain convictions or ones way of thinking. Numerous scholars have deciphered and developed this definition in a horde of ways. In his paper, The German Ideology, Karl Marx considers belief system to be a camera dark, a mutilation that conceals reality, that causes us to trust a certain something, yet is upset. He likewise considers philosophy to be being the result of an age. This implies an epoch’s prevailing class is the main factor in that period’s predominant philosophy. In the exposition Ideology, and Ideological State Apparatuses, Louis Althusser characterizes Ideology as a â€Å"representation of the nonexistent relationship of people to their genuine states of existence.†(2) This implies no one trusts in something simply and that all convictions are concealed by ones experience. As ideas things don't work physically, however nonexistent. Althusser additionally contends that belief system comes naturally to every person as we are completely maneuvered into some thought of selfhood from birth, and the general concept of selfhood is a result of philosophy. Herman Melville’s story, Bartleby the Scrivener is commendable of where these two belief systems can be broke down and talked about. Bartleby is an extremely eccentric character as per what is viewed as ordinary in the public arena. His chief, a legal advisor portrays himself as somebody who from â€Å"his youth upward, has been loaded up with a significant conviction that the least demanding lifestyle is the best.† (3) This is an exemplary case of commonplace ideological ideas. As per Marx, the predominant class of an age is the central factor of the prevailing thoughts of that age. Belief system includes building up the methods for endurance, or in Marx words, resource, what one needs to live. Means is procured by instruments, and with out philosophy and ideas, no culture would create and no gatherings would frame, and in this way one...

Logical Fallacies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consistent Fallacies - Essay Example She persuaded me to go to class the following day. Be that as it may, I didn't hear her out, rather, I remained in my room and avoided others. I accepted that if my family are going to see me and look, they will get sore eyes from me. What my mom did was to look through the web about my condition and search for data on the best way to treat sore eyes. Following barely any hours, she thumped on my entryway and advised me to go out quick. I was maintaining a strategic distance from her look when she said that it’s false. I didn't comprehend what she implied by that. She revealed to me that individuals don’t get sore eyes by looking at individuals experiencing sore eyes. She legitimately took a gander at me and clarified that irritated eyes can just spread by contact of messy and polluted hands with the eyes. Hands can get tainted on the off chance that they get in contact with debased or irresistible items and surfaces. Along these lines, sore eyes are realized by viral contamination and not by taking a gander at somebody with sore eyes. The prevalence of something doesn't make it valid. It is extremely well known among youngsters and even in house hold that individuals get sore eyes by looking at somebody experiencing a similar contamination. It is along these lines a typical and well known misinterpretation among the individuals in the United States as well as in different nations. If not in view of my mother and her energy to help and persuade me to go to class, I won't discover that everything my companions and I had confidence in about sore eyes were false. Subsequently, the extremely following day I went to class. Be that as it may, it took a great deal of my day to disclose to my companions and schoolmates that they won't get sore eyes by simply taking a gander at

Abortion Report Essay -- essays research papers

Fetus removal Report      I have decided for my theme Abortion. I believe that it is a theme that is important in the present society anyway it is regularly evaded or maintained a strategic distance from. Various Presidents express various things and have various positions about it, what's more, regularly it is needed to recognize what to think about it. Fundamentally there are two various perspectives on: Pro-Choice, which takes the position of saying that it is the lady's decision on the off chance that she needs to have a fetus removal and that it is just her business. So fundamentally they need it to stay legitimate. At that point there is the other position of Pro-Life which says that it ought not stay legitimate and that it is just about as awful as unfeeling homicide. I happen to concur with this. This is the thing that I will concentrate on for the remainder of my report.      I will initially discuss Pro-Choice. During that time this has clearly been the thinking about our country since premature birth stays legitimate (Bill Clinton is Pro-Choice). This is additionally the considering numerous lady's privileges developments and associations. From perusing a paper on Pro-Choice it states as its heading that premature birth ought to be a lady's entitlement to pick what she does with her body, and it ought not be changed or affected by any other individual. This privilege is ensured by the ninth correction, which contains the privilege to security. This raises an intriguing point, which is that the ninth correction is a solid contention in the battle for Pro-Choice. It expresses that ...

Essay --

Neediness and Culture One of the normal liberal case is that all the poor are much the same as every other person aside from that they have less cash. †Anonymous The Poverty is hunger, Poverty is absence of asylum, and Poverty is being wiped out and not having the option to see a specialist. Neediness isn't having the option to go to class and not realizing how to peruse. Neediness isn't having an occupation, is dread for the future, living each day in turn. Destitution is losing a youngster to ailment achieved by polluted water. Destitution is feebleness, absence of portrayal and opportunity. Neediness has numerous appearances, changing all around and across time, and has been portrayed from numerous points of view. All the more frequently, neediness is a circumstance people need to get away. So neediness is a source of inspiration for poor people and the rich the same. This is a call to change the world with the goal that a lot more may have enough to eat, sufficient asylum, a ccess to training and wellbeing, security from brutality, and a voice in what occurs in their networks. As destitution has numerous measurements, it must be taken a gander at through an assortment of markers, levels of pay and utilization, social pointers, and now progressively markers of defenselessness to dangers and of socio/political access. Culture of any land or country can enlighten us concerning its method of living, gauges, needs, mentalities, styles, and practices. Culture of any general public can finished in decades or even hundreds of years, we can't transform it quickly. We here can examine about the Culture of Poverty, how it is developed, and what variables can impact to this â€Å"Poverty Culture†. Persuasive components There are numerous elements assuming a much significant job in the lack (not ready to contend) instead of we can just discuss education of any country/nation... ... up with this colossal populace blast. Up until now, substantially more work has been finished utilizing utilization or salary based proportions of neediness; some work likewise has been done on non-pay measurements of destitution, however we ought to need to think about all parts of destitution and don’t need to stick over certain territory. References Free-TermPapers_com - Poverty Point Culture-http://www.free-termpapers.com/tp/4/alx55.shtml WELFARE AND THE CULTURE OF POVERTY-http://www.cato.org/bars/diary/cj16n1-1.html The Culture Of Poverty-http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/legislative issues/exceptional/government assistance/stories/op043097.htm Is Poverty a Culture-http://arnolds.dhs.org/geology/geo_forum/1014604806/index_html Article Why Are We Poor-http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~faces/CurrentViews/whypoor.html The New York Review of Books CULTURE OF POVERTY-http://www.nybooks.com/articles/11702

Chronic Sorrow Free Essays

string(37) an individual experiences after a loss. Living with Chronic Sorrow The center range hypothesis of ceaseless distress hypothesis was investigated in the 1980’s approving parent’s emotions over the loss of not having the ideal youngster and having a kid with an incapacity. Ceaseless distress gave a system to understanding the responses of people to different misfortune circumstances and offered an approach to see the experience of mourning. Inclusion in an encounter of a noteworthy misfortune is the vital forerunner to the improvement of constant distress (Peterson Bredow, 2009). We will compose a custom article test on Interminable Sorrow or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The misfortune may influence people and relatives whenever. Interminable distress may go to any of us during our lifetime. Constant distress can best be depicted as a characteristic reaction to an unfortunate circumstance. Where educational encounters cause profound pain, bitterness, or lament particularly for the loss of a person or thing adored ( Gordon, 2009 ). Interminable distress is trailed by a changeless loss of an individual connection that might be progressing with a bitterness of such force that it repeats for the lifetime of the individual. Mental agony, enduring and misery would all be able to happen from constant distress notwithstanding if the misfortune is brought about by injury, injury or by death ( Alligood, Tomey,(2010). Washington Irving says all that needs to be said, â€Å"There is a holiness in tears. They are not the sign of shortcoming, yet of intensity. They talk more expressively than ten thousand tongues. They are flag-bearers of over whelming anguish and unspeakable love. † The normal for picking the center range hypothesis of constant distress was on the grounds that this hypothesis was anything but difficult to relate to. From losing a home to a catastrophic event, work, and even in death of relatives, companions and various pets this hypothesis truly hit home from staff encounters. Potential Antecedents, Defining Attributes and Consequences Let’s start yet attempting to comprehend the forerunners of interminable distress and how they identify with ach other and influence every one of us as people. This may assist with seeing how firmly feelings control and have a significant influence in our regular daily existences. The precursors that accompany constant distress are misfortune and despondency. They are experienced occasionally by people of any age through t heir life time. Regardless of whether in the demise of a relative, companion or pet, losing a home and every common belonging or losing a working body part. To have the option to get past these ground-breaking sentiments and feelings can be troublesome and considerably progressively hard for others to comprehend (Peterson Bredow, 2009). Individuals everywhere throughout the world are compelled to manage this day by day, however until it transpires, do you really start to comprehend the effect this has on ones’ own life. All of us should manage misfortune sooner or later in our life. A misfortune can be depicted as â€Å"a inescapable clairvoyant torment and trouble, animated by certain trigger occasions, which follows loss of a relationship of an attachment† (Teel,1991, pg. 1316). Misfortunes come in numerous structures both enormous and little, for example, loss of work, a home, a lifestyle, a relationship, or loss of a critical other, mate, relative or even a pet. The impression of the occasion, the situational underpins, and the methods for dealing with stress all impact return of balance or homeostasis. An individual either advances or relapses because of the emergency, contingent on how the individual deals with the emergency (Potter Perry, 2009). Encountering a misfortune can trigger the despondency procedure. Everybody is unique and grapples with misfortune in various manners, so it is hard to state to what extent a person’s procedure may take. Misfortunes that are littler and have less of an effect on peoples’ lives will set aside an a lot shorter effort to determine sincerely than increasingly noteworthy misfortunes (Foust, 2006). A few people manage the misfortune daily at once, yet for certain individuals it might be an hour at once. For whatever length of time that the individual isn't denying the misfortune, they are working through it. Activity situated is an inner administration for adapting to a misfortune. This remembers proceeding to be required for advantages, pastimes, exercises, chatting with companions, experts and in any event, joining a care group (Peterson and Bredow,2009). Lost your employment, your home, a friend or family member, or an adored pet? There are numerous types of misfortune, and all are felt exclusively on an individual level (Foust, 2006). A misfortune is losing or being denied of something you once had. Any misfortune can profoundly affect your life. Misfortune can occur whenever day or night and needn't bother with an explanation. A result of a misfortune can prevent you from mingling, cause you to have absence of interests, and remove you sincerely from the individuals who love you. A misfortune can affect your activity, your home, your accounts, and your connections. This is a genuine feeling that individuals around the globe experience day by day. Adapting to misfortune and melancholy can be trying from numerous points of view (Teel. 1991). A misfortune might be felt truly and inwardly, such as something is absent. A sentiment of stress and void might be felt somewhere inside. Two sorts of misfortunes generally applicable to burdensome side effects are identified with self, objective achievement, and loss of money related assets (Van Horn Mischel, 2008). One may start to endure physical side effects, for example, cerebral pains, gastrointestinal surprise, tension, restlessness, or anorexia. Sincerely you may feel tired, come up short on the capacity to think about what is happening around you, rest excessively or excessively little, over eat or under eat, and disregard yourself and people around you. These are for the most part sentiments and feelings an individual may involvement with anguish. Misfortune is an encounter brought about by changes and perceiving these progressions are significant in dentify sentiments and above all, by permitting people to feel and communicate starts the recuperating procedure (Love, 2007). Despondency comes in numerous shapes and sizes. There is no â€Å"one size fits all† for the lamenting procedure. Despondency is the arrangement of feelings that an individual experiences after a misfortune. You read Incessant Sorrow in class Papers Grief may include sentiments of bitterness, outrage, blame, disgrace, help, envy, misery and weakness ( Love, 2007). Numerous individuals take into account misery after the death of a friend or family member, yet huge numbers of today’s sees will in general disregard the anguish that can follow different sorts of misfortunes. Accordingly, individuals get themselves out of the blue alone managing the distress, outrage and different feelings related with melancholy at different occasions throughout their life. Confounded and even embarrassed, they may endeavor to cover up or evade these feelings, pushing them internal as opposed to allowing them to out. This may cause dangerous and destroying repercussions which can follow. However the entirety of this can be kept away from, if individuals perceive that there are a wide range of sorrow (Castledine,2002). Figuring out how to manage the misfortune and adapt to ones mishaps is the place distress comes in. All in all, to what extent is the lamenting procedure? Essentially, an individual laments as long as it takes to grapple with their misfortune and the effect that it has had on their life (Foust, 2006). The undeniable time for lamenting is after the demise of a friend or family member. Numerous individuals experience this first with grandparents and guardians, just as aunties, uncles and family pets. A few people may endure the troublesome loss of kin or mates and still others may encounter the unfortunate loss of a youngster. Its absolutely impossible to gauge despondency, and no instrument or scale to quantify for distress. Every individual laments these misfortunes interestingly and in an unexpected way. At the point when a passing of a friend or family member happens those left ehind are frequently permitted reality for lamenting and normally bolstered by loved ones (Burglass, 2010). Yet, what happens when somebody loses a darling pet? Or on the other hand when a family loses a home? Or on the other hand even better the departure of a working body part, model hearing, seeing or loss of appendage? These too are seasons of extraordinary misfortune. Sadly, they are only from time to time perceived all things considered and in light of this the lamenting are disregarded to work through feelings that are ordinarily misconstrued by people around them (Castledine, 2002). Collaborators, companions or even mates can think that its difficult to comprehend ones despondency and even think that its hard to deal with. An individual must lament so as to recuperate and push ahead. The enduring of stupefied disarray, trouble and unwavering hopelessness will by and large simplicity with time (Love, 2007). At home, at whatever point you are distant from everyone else, don’t push or power yourself to do anything. Unwind and do what falls into place without any issues. Numerous societies don't urge individuals to lament straightforwardly. Crying and different methods of communicating pain can be viewed as indications of shortcoming. Crying can really help ease pressure, so cry, scrub down or sit in front of the TV (Gipson, 2009). Do whatever causes you to feel good and encourages you unwind. The executives types of distress can be as confidence, istractions, similar to work, side interests, and regarding your misfortune through custom is significant in beating the misfortune. There are numerous best approaches through the lamenting procedure, paying little mind to how one laments, misery is basic in the mending procedure (Potter Perry, pg. 496). Any misfortune can warrant anguish. Anguish is a typical response to misfortune and isn't generally connected with long haul negative results. Despondency is a characteristic mental and now and then physical reaction to misfortune or change. In spite of the fact that passing is most ordinarily connected with lamenting, numerous other life changes can have a similar outcome (911, Oklahoma City besieging). Losing an employment (being laid off in the wake of working quite a while for a similar organization), losing a home (catastrophic event, fire, tornado or even storm), having youngsters venture out from home ( leave to school, military help, get hitched), resigning, separate, defaulting on some loans (loss of budgetary assets) a separation, in any event, moving would all be able to make a feeling of genuine misfortune and despondency (Love, 2007). Lamenting is a characteristic and sound response to all misfortunes. The five sta

What Does FOMO Mean and How Do I Deal With It

What Does FOMO Mean and How Do I Deal With It Stress Management Situational Stress Print How to Deal With FOMO in Your Life The Origin of FOMO and How It Affects Our Health By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 18, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 19, 2020 Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee More in Stress Management Situational Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is FOMO? Brief History Research Minimizing FOMO View All Back To Top FOMO, or fear of missing out, is a real phenomenon that is becoming increasingly common and can cause significant stress in your life. It can affect just about anyone, but some people are at greater risk. Here is what you should know about the history of FOMO, what research says, how to recognize it in your life, and how to manage FOMO to avoid negatively affecting your happiness. What Is FOMO? The fear of missing out refers to the feeling or perception that others are having more fun, living better lives, or experiencing better things than you are. It involves a deep sense of envy and affects self-esteem. It is often exacerbated by social media sites like Instagram and Facebook. FOMO is not just the sense that there might be better things that you could be doing at this moment, but it is the feeling that you are missing out on something fundamentally important that others are experiencing right now. It can apply to anything from a party on a Friday night to a promotion at work, but it always involves a sense of helplessness that you are missing out on something big. Brief History The idea that you might be missing out on a good time is not new to our era. However, while it has presumably been around for centuries (you can see evidence of FOMO in ancient texts), it has only been studied during the past few decades, beginning with a 1996 research paper by marketing strategist, Dr. Dan Herman, who coined the term fear of missing out.?? Since the advent of social media, however, FOMO has become more obvious and has been studied more often.   Social media has accelerated the FOMO phenomenon in several ways. It provides a situation in which you are comparing your regular life to the  highlights  of others lives. Therefore, your sense of normal becomes skewed and you seem to be doing worse than your peers. You might see detailed photos of your friends enjoying fun times without you, which is something that people may not have been so readily aware of in past generations. Social media creates a platform for bragging; it is where things, events, and even happiness itself seems to be in competition at times. People are comparing their best, picture-perfect experiences, which may lead you to wonder what you are lacking. How to Stop Comparing Yourself to Others Research As more research on FOMO is conducted and becomes available, we are getting a clearer picture of what it entails and how it affects us. The picture is not pretty,  as there are many negative effects of FOMO, and it is more common than you might expect. Consider the following: Social networking sites are both a cause and an effect of FOMO. Unsurprisingly, adolescents use social networking sites at a high rate and may experience FOMO as a result. Interestingly, however, FOMO acts as a mechanism that triggers higher social networking usage. Girls experiencing depression tend to use social networking sites at a greater rate while, for boys, anxiety was a trigger for greater social media use.?? This shows that increased use of social media can lead to higher stress rates caused by FOMO.FOMO associated with social media usage transcends age and gender. FOMO can be experienced by people of all ages, several studies have found. One study in the  Psychiatry Research  journal found that the fear of missing out was linked to a greater smartphone and social media usage and that this link was not associated with age or gender.?? The research also found that both social media use and problematic smartphone usage was linked with a greater experience of FOMO.  Smartphone usage was related to fears of negative and even positive evaluations by others as well as linked to negative effects on mood.FOMO is linked to lower life satisfaction. Another article published in  Computers and Human Behavior  found several trends associated with FOMO. Fear of missing out was found to be associated with a lower sense of having ones needs met as well as a lower feeling of life satisfaction in general.?? FOMO was heavily linked to higher engagement in social media, as other studies have suggestedâ€"it appears that FOMO is linked to both feeling a need to engage in social media and increasing that engagement. This means that FOMO and social media habits may contribute to a negative, self-perpetuating cycle.Fear of missing out can be dangerous. Aside from increased feelings of unhappiness, fear of missing out can lead to greater involvement in unhealthy behaviors. For example, the same study in Computers and Human Behavior found that FOMO was linked to distracted driv ing, which in some cases can be deadly. Is Social Media Helping or Hurting My Social Anxiety? Minimizing FOMO Fortunately, steps can be taken to curb your FOMO if it is something you experience. Research shows that a fear of missing out can stem from unhappiness and dissatisfaction with life and that these feelings can propel us into greater social media usage.?? In turn, greater engagement with social media can make us feel worse about ourselves and our lives, not better. In this way, it helps to know that our attempts to alleviate feelings of FOMO can actually lead to behaviors that exacerbate it. ? Understanding where the problem lies, however, can be a great first step in overcoming it. The following can help: Change your focus. Rather than focusing on what you lack, try noticing what you have. This is easier said than done on social media, where we may be bombarded with images of things we do not have, but it can be done. Add more positive people to your feed; hide people who tend to brag too much or who are not supportive of you. You can change your feed to show you less of what triggers your FOMO and more of what makes you feel good about yourself. Work on identifying what may be sapping your joy online. Work to minimize these as you add more to your feed (and life) that makes you happy.Keep a journal. It is common to post on social media to keep a record of the fun things you do. However, you may find yourself noticing a little too much about whether people are validating your experiences online. If this is the case, you may want to take some of your photos and memories offline and keep a personal journal of your best memories, either online or on paper. This can help you to shift your focus from public approval to private appreciation of the things that make your life great. This shift can sometimes help you to get out of the cycle of social media and FOMO.Seek out real connections. You may find yourself seeking a greater connection when you are feeling depressed or anxious, and this is healthy. Feelings of loneliness or exclusion are actually our brains way of telling us that we want to seek out greater connections with others and increase our sense of belonging.?? Unfortunately, social media engagement is not always the way to accomplish thisâ€"you might be running from one bad situation right into an even worse one.Rather than trying to connect more with people on social media, why not arrange to meet up with someone in person? Making plans with a good friend, creating a group outing, or doing anything social that gets you out with friends can be a nice change of pace, and it can help you to shake that feeling that you are missing out. It puts you in the cent er of the action. If you do not have time to make plans, even a direct message on social media to a friend can foster a greater and more intimate connection than posting to all of your friends and hoping for likes.Focus on gratitude. Studies show that engaging in gratitude-enhancing activities like gratitude journaling or simply telling others what you appreciate about them can lift your spirits as well as those of everyone around you.?? This is partially because it is harder to feel as if you lack the things you need in life when you are focused on the abundance you already have. It also holds true because making others feel good makes us feel good.This lift in mood may be just what you need to relieve yourself of feeling depressed or anxious. You likely will not feel as tempted to go down the rabbit hole of social networking and FOMO when you realize how much you already have. You will begin to feel that you have what you need in life and so do other people. This can be wonderful for your mental and emotional health. A Word From Verywell Although FOMO is strongly correlated with social media usage, it is important to remember that it is a very real and common feeling among people of all ages. Everyone feels a certain level of FOMO at different times in their lives. If you feel you are suffering from feelings of missing out, it can be helpful to reach out to a friend or spend some time reflecting on the things you are grateful for in your life. Activities like these can help us put things in perspective as we gather a greater sense of belonging and release the anxiety of missing out on anything. How to Use Facebook When You Have Social Anxiety Disorder

Nazi Propoganda and Maus - Free Essay Example

The role of propaganda plays a crucial part in the encouragement of both the Polish and Jewish people to betray their neighbors, friends, and even their family members. Nazis used propaganda to shape their beliefs on the Germans; they used films, press and radios, because they wanted to flood the Germans with messages that were designed to gain support and acceptance of their vision for the future of Germany. In films Jews were even characterized as less of a person and were considered an alien race. In Chapter 5 in Maus I, Vladek builds a bunker inside an attic that can only be reached through a chandelier when and one day when they found a stranger in the room below then that said his wife and he had a starving baby and he was only looking for scraps. They gave him a little food but that same afternoon the Gestapo found Vladek and the rest. When they took the stranger in the bunker they thought about killing him, the betrayal had gotten so bad that everywhere they turned they had to determine if they were a friend or a foe. In this case, the stranger was a foe, he was an informant that gave them up. Vladek had a cousin named Haskel, and he was the chief of the Jewish Police, when Vladek and Anja were captured Haskel agreed to have them released in exchange for a diamond ring in the end, Haskel betrayed them and did not help them escape. This goes to show that family did not mean anything anymore, Vladeks own cousin betrayed him, it was everybody for themselves. In Chapter Three of Maus II, when the war was almost over the Gestapo had the prisoners marching. One of the guys from the attic with Vladek talked to the guards and tried bribing them with gold to let them escape in the woods, to shoot at them but to shoot over them so that it would look realistic. Vladek does not trust the Germans, although the Germans made the deal with the Jews to let them escape, they shoot the runaways with whom they made deals with. This does to show that the Germans did not give a second thought to killing the prisoner no matter if they paid for a deal. Propaganda will always be a part of society that is just how or government works, people promote and publicize their particular political case and point of view. Whether or not people in the united states will betray their neighbors, friends, and even their family members in the United States is hard to tell, but we are living in a world full of hate based on the color of our skin. Our current President has been taking it out on immigrants, specifically Hispanics/Latinos that are just trying to provide a better life for their kids, a life they wish they had when they were growing up. The migrant caravan for example, it is legal for people to ask for asylum and people do not understand asylum is not just granted, it is a process that includes a court date to establish if there are ground for that asylum. President Trump has been using his propaganda of, make America great again, as if America was not already great, then proceeding to blame immigrants for stealing jobs. He has also bee n using propaganda to say that everyone coming to seek asylum in the migrant caravan are all criminals is not true, they are parents trying to get away from violence in their country, trying to give their kids a better life only to have tear gas to try to disperse families with their young kids. There are so many fake news going around which promotes propaganda that is not true, yet people believe these news and do not even check the source to see if it is factually correct or not. Since President Trump was elected president hatred towards certain people have now been more open and said out loud than previously before. There is no superior race, everyone is a human being that deserves respect, generosity, and kindness, no one deserves to be belittled just because they are a certain race or ethnicity, and promoting propaganda that states otherwise does not make someone a better person. In Maus: A Survivors Tale, Anjas own sister, Tosha, killed her nephew, Richieu, along with herself and her own kids, because she was afraid of them going to concentration camps. Having someone be so belittled to the point where they rather poison themselves, their kids and their nephew so they will not suffer in the gas chambers, Tosha chose death over the concentration camps, that is unimaginable pain and suffering.

What Is ADHD and How Does It Affect Kids - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 804 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: ADHD essay Did you like this example? Article Review Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder which disrupts attention and concentration among children affecting normal growth and development. According to the article, the disorder affects about 10% of high schoolers in the US (Cho Blair, 2017). The article evaluates the extent of various interventions in preventing problem behaviors and improving classroom engagement of students with ADHD. The interventions include involving replacement skills, a change of behavior consequences and enhancing the activities students engage in class. Summary The article provides findings from a study conducted on two students and their teacher. The first study subject was Sam, a Caucasian male, 13 years and diagnosed with ADHD and OHI at 8 years. The second subject was Katrina a Caucasian female, 12 years and also diagnosed at the age of 9 with ADHD, emotional and behavior defects, and OHI. The teacher aged 30 years was experienced to provide special education. Two observers participated in collecting data and overseeing that all procedures take place as planned. The data presented students academic performance and behavioral problems. The data were collected 3 to 4 times a week, and each session lasted for 40 minutes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is ADHD and How Does It Affect Kids?" essay for you Create order The study used a fidelity checklist, and each student was assigned various strategies for implementation. The social behaviors were recorded using a Linkert-types scale. The teacher reviewed the subjects individualized education program (IEP) and recorded FBA data. The hypothesis created a baseline for both reading and writing. Data collection lasted for four weeks, and the results recorded. Both students had correlated behaviors and academic engagement problems. Katrina showed more behavioral problems than academic engagement problems while Sam showed more problems than behavioral problems. The behavioral patterns for both students portrayed insignificant change. The study found out that improved replacement skills, changed behavior consequences and improved class activities are effective strategies teachers can use on students with ADHD and other related behavior problems. Critique The author identifies more than one strategy to assess its effectiveness of students with behavior problems. The inclusion of the three strategies ensured that the results were successful. Stating the aim of the study, the author creates more emphasis by focusing on students in high school; as ADHD mostly affects young children. The study clearly states the hypothesis and identifies subjects. The authors engage data and statistics from CDC to portray the seriousness of behavioral problems and the reason why the teachers should employ better intervention strategies. As a result, because the study has solid support from legislative Acts and the CDC, it is, therefore, relevant and useful. The authors agree with Act 504 Rehabilitation Act, by stating that children with disabilities should receive the necessary care and provided with all the resources which would help them cope with their problems. The study uses as a selected sample of students with disabilities and in high school. However, the sample size is small and fails to act entirely as a representative. It is vague to use the data of two students to generalize that all students with ADHD and related problems will do well under improved replacement skills, changed behavior consequences and improved class activities. Additionally, a small sample size increases the chances of errors and uncertainties for the entire research as one of the subjects may have a lower response rate. The study implemented different recording techniques. Data recording was not consistent as it relied on different study tools such as the Linkert scale and 10-s partial intervention system. Each of the tools had functioned differently. Using different tools recording scales in academic and behavioral assessment may have contributed to inconsistent results and a high error margin. Additionally, the study used a teacher to record the results, something which could affect the reliability of the outcomes since the teacher was not proficient in such studies. It then portrays that the authors did not consider the fundamental concepts required to study the behavior of children with ADHD. However, the authors could also argue that using the teacher to record the responses of the students was necessary to maintain normal learning conditions for the students. People with behavioral problems are sensitive to strangers, and therefore a new figure could affect the findings of the study. The Study was a success, and the authors were able to prove the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention in helping students with ADHD. The study methods, however, have to be re-evaluated because of flaws which could affect the credibility of the whole study. Additionally, the sample size was not sufficient and could give biased and inconsistent results. It would also be reliable if the study used consistent data collection methods as different methods for each qualitative techniques could cause more errors. However, the overall research is excellent except for some few problems which could have been corrected. It provides a clear illustration of how teachers should use multicomponent studies to provide special education to students with ADHD.

The Problem Of Lack Of Reading Habits - 1584 Words

According to Shapiro (2014), since 1984, the percent of 13-year-olds all over the world who are weekly readers went down from 70% to 53%, and the percent of 17-year-olds who are weekly readers went from 64% to 40%. The percent of 17-year-olds who never or hardly ever read tripled during this period, from 9% to 27% (as cited in American government studies). Analyzing, abovementioned statistics it is clearly seen that lack of reading habits is considered to be one of the biggest problems in the world nowadays. The main objective of this essay is to provide possible solutions to solve the problem: firstly, show to people famous and influential role examples who prefer to read, remind people about the positive consequences of reading and lastly, open a reading clubs. The problem of lack of reading habits originates from the beginning of the 21st century. The main reason for the problem is breakthrough in technology such as TV and Internet, as they have replaced books in the case of source of information. According to Shmeleva (2015), people from Arabic countries read less among other nations around the globe, approximately quarter of a page per annum, so the Arabic countries tend to be problematic in case of reading habits. Lack of reading habits is a significant problem since it is a main catalyst of illiteracy all over globe. People should follow their favorite celebrities or idols in the aspect of reading books.Today, people all over the world prefer toShow MoreRelatedMy Year Of High School910 Words   |  4 Pagesfinished my junior year of high school I’ve gotten by thus far with lazy study techniques that don’t require much effort and grab an A or B. But have I retained all the information I spent many an hour studying for? Vaguely. This is due to my poor study habits. I am a procrastinator; it’s possibly my most favorite and least favorite thing to do at the same time. I don’t try to procrastinate it’s possibly just an innate skill of mine. When I would rather binge watch Netflix or play video games on my PlayStationRead MoreTeaching English For Young Learner815 Words   |  4 Pagesarticles and any reading materials, uncovering the concept and the issues on the practice of TEYL in Indonesia. Given those inputs during the course period, the improvement takes pla ce on my knowledge, skills, attitudes, and habits of mind. In terms of knowledge, I gain more confidence in my declarative knowledge about the characteristics of children, the principles of their development and the way they learn language especially in learning English as Foreign Language. Besides, after reading some journalRead MorePsychology - Obesity Case1177 Words   |  5 Pagesattach your reading in your portfolio: Answer: The topic that we are going to test and discuss is Obesity. Obesity is a medical condition in which it is an accumulation of excessive to the extent of causing health problems and reducing the life expectancy. 2) Discuss the topic with your activities group, report what you learned from the discussion: Answer: What we concluded from the discussion is that obesity is much acclaimed in the UAE and it is a huge problem that may affectRead MoreSix Hour D945 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the best way to study effectively? Is it reading the text repetitively until a comprehension is reached or is it to read and then self-quiz in order to ensure an understanding of the studied information? Sometimes students put a lot of time and effort into preparing for an exam only to be unhappily surprised when they do not perform as expected on the test. The reason a student scored badly on an exam that they did in fact study for would be influenced by their studying techniques. A â€Å"sixRead MoreReading Comprehension Difficulty in English Subject of Grade 5 Pupils in Balnasan Elementary School, School Year 2010-2011.1671 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Title: READING COMPREHENSION DIFFICULTY IN ENGLISH SUBJECT OF GRADE 5 PUPILS IN BALNASAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, SCHOOL YEAR 2010-2011. Researcher: JOY D. MORADO School: BALNASAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SAN ROQUE, SAN ROQUE N. SAMAR School Year: 2010 – 2011 ------------------------------------------------- Reading Comprehension Difficulty in English Subject is one of the problems encountered by the grade 5 pupilsRead MoreIs Voting For Young People?1286 Words   |  6 PagesFor Young People?,† in which he expresses the absence of young voters in election polls and lack political involvement in the United States of American and other established democracies. In his 2011 third edition of his book he compiles and explains the many variables attained in understanding this peculiar development. Variables such as the changes in technology and generational gaps, issues such as lack of civil engagement and possibly solutions to the lacking of young voters in the future. ProfessorRead MoreCollege Students Drop Out Of School971 Words   |  4 Pagescommon problem to everyone. According to Marion Terry’s article, â€Å"The Effects that Family Members and Peers Have on Students’ Decisions to Drop out of School† says, â€Å"the alcoholic father was unable to cope with raising three sons alone. Then his kids have to quit school to work full time in order to supplement the family income† (29). That is cause how stress for the kids when they go to school to study and they have to think how to make money for the family or their tuition fee. With the problem theyRead MoreHealth Problem Analysis Worksheet Essay638 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Health Problem Analysis Worksheet† and through reading Chapter 2 in the book Public Health: What it is and How it Works. The purpose of the â€Å"Health Problem Analysis Worksheet† was to pick a disease, I chose diabetes, and to determine the determinants, direct contributing factors and the indirect contributing factors. Turnock (2011, p.73) defines determinants as a scientific factor that relates directly to the health problem and is one of the primary risk factors of the health problem. When creatingRead MoreTaking a Look at Boys and Education Essay806 Words   |  4 Pagesright to vote. In recent years, women have found themselves equal to men, yet the new problem at hand is whether the world has focused soo much attention on the equal rights of women that males have been left to fall behind. Education used to be something rare among females, but now young women are striving in literature, while young men are falling behind. Schools are now designed to favor the females, and lack materials that males would find beneficial. Schools do not help boys achieve academicRead More The Importance o f Nutrition and Sleeping Habits In The Classroom913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Nutrition and Sleeping Habits In The Classroom Having good nutrition and sleeping habits is very important for education. It is important for children and adolescents to perform well in the classroom so that they get the most out of their education. Having poor sleeping habits or poor eating habits can have many harmful effects on a child’s classroom performance. If children have good eating habits as well as good sleeping habits they will perform better and be able to live

Can An Organ Transplant Change A Recipient s Personality

Can an Organ Transplant Change a Recipient s Personality? There are roughly seven billion people who live on the earth many people are healthy but, there are some who are sick. One of the main surgeries that are needed in the world is organ transplants more than one hundred twenty thousand people in The United States alone need organ transplants. Organ donation is a huge problem around the world, the need for organs is way higher than the organs donated. So, when there is a need greater that what is there that is when the black market comes into play. The black market is a terrible thing people with abducting children just for their organs, which then the black market goes and sells for over one hundred and sixty thousand dollars (Borreli, 2013). Even through all that there are still some people out there who donate their organs to help the people in need. Organ donation might not just be giving the recipients a new organ they might be giving them a new life. All thought there is not a lot of evidence there still quite a bit of it. The cau ses of the phenomenon are that the heart has memory’s stored in the organs, the kidney and liver have had a few cases on this cell memory theory and how does the cell memory theory work. The cell memory theory is still not one hundred percent verified, it is still supported by a handful of scientists and physicians. The cell memory theory works on how the memory of certain things the donor liked or disliked would be stored in the neuronsShow MoreRelatedAbout Face: the Face Transplant Debate6103 Words   |  25 PagesAbout Face: The Face Transplant Debate By Sherri L. Rodney-Kahle HCA 322 Health Care Ethics and Medical Law Professor Dolores Thomas July 13, 2009 About Face – The Great Face Transplant Debate The first successful human organ transplant in the United States was performed on December 23, 1954. On that date, a kidney was successfully transplanted, with the organ donated by a living identical twin of the recipient (Kaserman, 2007). More than fifty years have now passed since that firstRead MoreWilson s Disease : Disease1032 Words   |  5 Pagesare diagnosed with Liver disease first before showing other signs causing doctors to continue testing and alter treatments. Wilson’s disease is named for a British physician named Samuel Alexander Wilson, who as a neurologist found pathological changes in the brain that actually stemmed from problems with the liver. Later, neuropathologist John Cummings looked into the causes of the disease as well. What he found was that the cause was linked to copper, or more precisely too much copper buildingRead MoreThe Ethics of Cloning Essay example1453 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking human clones a reality. An ethical basis for the rejection or acceptance of cloning in science can be based around several different theories of morality. Interestingly, those supporting a Utilitarian approach, seeking the greatest good for the greatest number, can be found on both sides of the issue. Some advocates of cloning argue that allowing society to benefit from cloned organs, for example, will outweigh the detrimental consequences of that may result from the abuse of cloning technologyRead MoreDaniel Dennett s Where Am I?1409 Words   |  6 PagesOklahoma. In an effort to preserve Dennett’s brain during the mission, scientists surgically remove it from his body and broadcast all of its outputs via radio. Then they hook Dennett’s body up to respond to the output signals and his nerve/ sensory organs are set up to broadcast back to his brain (in a vat in Houston). In his new life, he experiences minor signal lags and alcohol has lost its intoxicating effects, but apart from that there’s not much difference in experience. Though, once he settlesRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1875 Words   |  8 Pagesto cease their pain and suffering with a painless medication prescribed by a physician when they feel their quality of life has diminished, and is no longer worth living. With this option available, people can exercise their rights over their body and life, die with a sense of dignity, make organs available to patients who need them if it were legal, and it removes the physician from the death directly leaving it to be a personal exit to one’s life. Physician Assisted Suicide is said to violate theRead More Can Cloning and Christianity Coexist Essay3330 Words   |  14 PagesCan Cloning and Christianity Coexist Cloning is an exciting and ongoing field of study with many great possibilities, and negative drawbacks; this leaves many Christians wrestling with the idea of cloning, trying to decide where to stand on, for or against it. To follow, in the paper is an explanation of what cloning is and the uses of cloning at the present and projected in the future. After that the focus will be on the problems with cloning from a non-ethical stance. Finally the issueRead MoreWatching Tv Makes You Smarter -Steven Johnson Essay4824 Words   |  20 Pages24 that would have been unthinkable on prime-time network television 20 years ago. Alongside the notable change in content lies an equally notable change in form. During its 44 minutes -- a real-time hour, minus 16 minutes for commercials -- the episode connects the lives of 21 distinct characters, each with a clearly defined story arc, as the Hollywood jargon has it: a defined personality with motivations and obstacles and specific relationships with other characters. Nine primary narrative threadsRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagessociety, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, educationRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagessociety, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation, and, indeed, even the length and quality of life itself, science has generated changes in the moral values and basic philosophies of mankind. Beginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, educationRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesabout our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft

Wuthering Heights Character Analysis - 831 Words

Every person has a background story that makes them who they are today. In Emily Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights, she demonstrates how anger, hatred, and revenge all create enemies and eventually the character’s downfall. Being an outsider to the Earnshaw family from the very beginning, Heathcliff’s heritage and peculiar disappearance within the book shape his relationships throughout the novel why he might despise the residents of both estates. Heathcliff is introduced at the beginning of the book by our part time narrator, Mr. Lockwood and later by the second narrator Nelly. When Lockwood first meats Heathcliff is is disgusted but ultimately drawn towards him as he obviously make several visits. Heathcliff is first described as a†¦show more content†¦This bottled up anger and hate kept inside is used as fuel for Heathcliff to come back better than Edgar Linton, who steals Catherine from Heathcliff as the plot thickens. When the person of their dream s rejects the main character, the main character bottles up their emotions and use it against anyone who stands in their path to complete acceptance or in this case revenge. The vengeance that Heathcliff desires is fueled by the mistreatment from the people that reside in Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. When a person’s pride is ruined, they often try to mend it and prove to the people who ruined it that they were wrong and deserved better. Bronte uses Heathcliff’s three year absence for him to become educated and make in fortune. This only adds to his perplexing origin. Many of the residents in both estates have no idea where he got his money from. Some try to treat him with respect, like Edgar Linton, but people like Hindley didn’t care and still mistreated Heathcliff. So where did Heathcliff go? In Wuthering Heights, Nelly suggests that he went abroad; â€Å"It was a deep voice, and foreign in tone; yet there was something in the manner of pronounci ng my name which made it sound familiar.† (Bronte) and that he may have been in the army. â€Å"His upright carriage suggested the idea of his having been in the army.† (Bronte). The suggestion that HeathcliffShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights1954 Words   |  8 PagesCharacter Analysis of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights In Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights, each character is a unique and plays an important role in tying the story together. All characters are related to one another in their own special way. They overlap and interconnect their faith and destinies to make an outstanding plot and theme and turn Emily Brontes novel to be a true masterpiece of World Literature. The most important character, which possesses the readersRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Character Names In Wuthering Heights1654 Words   |  7 PagesCharacter Names (come back to) Lockwood, a prospective tenant at Thrushcross Grange, is who Nelly tells her story to. It is her explanation to him that the readers learn about most of the events that occurred at Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff, a mild-mannered owner of Wuthering Heights, has a relationship with Catherine that demonstrates how class distinctions dictated romantic life and life in general in the 18th and 19th century. Joseph, a grumpy servant at Wuthering HeightsRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Heathcliff In Wuthering Heights702 Words   |  3 Pages Heathcliff is a very interesting character. In the novel Wuthering Heights Heathcliff starts out as a protagonist and turns into an antagonist. Heathcliff is described as diabolical, yet he loves Catherine deeply. His deep love for Catherine causes him to seek revenge against the man she married. Heathcliff hurts everyone he comes in contact with in his plot for revenge. Heathcliff comes to Wuthering Heights as a young orphan boy. He is loved by Mr. Earnshaw and Catherine but despised by HindleyRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1555 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontà « Introduction The novel Wuthering Heights was written in 1847 by Emily Brontà «. The plot unravels with Lockwood visiting his landlord at Wuthering Heights; as Lockwood stays the night, he starts to discover items within the home and later a fatal vision appears, which causes him great curiosity. Lockwood returns back to his residence at Thrushcross Granges and listens to the history of his landlord, Heathcliff; told by an old servant at Wuthering HeightsRead MoreThe Depth of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights884 Words   |  4 PagesWuthering Heights was written by Emily Bronte’. It would be the least to say her imagination was quite impressive. Through imagination as a child, Bronte’ and her sisters would write children stories, which inspired some popularly known novels. Wuthering Heights contains crossing genres, changing settings, multiple narrators, and unreliable narrators. George R. R. Martin wrote the book Game of Thrones, which is one of the modern day novels that contain se veral of Emily Bronte’s writing techniquesRead MoreEssay on The Depth of Emely Brontes Wuthering Heights1345 Words   |  6 PagesWuthering Heights was written by Emily Bronte’, although she first published her novels under a gentleman’s name. Her famous novel has become a classic in English literature. It would be the least to say her imagination was quite impressive. Through her child imagination, Bronte’ and her siblings would write children stories. â€Å"Emily’s childhood created an imaginary nation, originating from the numerous poems devoted to the doings of the Gondals† (Bradner 129). The ‘Gondal’ poems they wrote inspiredRead MoreEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Mental Illness and Feminism1663 Words   |  7 Pages Novels are often taken by the reader at face value, and are never looked into on a deeper level. It is important to search for more than what is seen in a literary work. Wuthering Heights is a great example of a book with its own hidden secrets that can surface with a little research. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights depicts the oppression of women from mentally unstable individuals. Overview of Author Emily Bronte was born in Yorkshire, England on July 30, 1818 (â€Å"Emily Jane Bronte 1), to a familyRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1589 Words   |  7 PagesVictoria Embry Outside Reading Analysis Wuthering Heights Tramel – 2nd period November 4, 2016 Introduction The self-consuming nature of passion is mutually destructive and tragic. The gothic Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte and published in 1847 where Bronte challenges ideas of religious hypocrisy, social classes, gender inequality and mortality. Wuthering Heights was first ill received being too much removed from the ordinary reality in the mid-nineteenth-century;Read More The presentation of Mr. Lockwood in Wuthering Heights The novel,807 Words   |  4 PagesThe presentation of Mr. Lockwood in Wuthering Heights The novel, Wuthering Heights, begins in the year 1801. The presentation of Mr. Lockwood in â€Å"Wuthering Heights† ======================================================= The novel, â€Å"Wuthering Heights†, begins in the year 1801, where we as readers are firstly introduced to the character Mr. Lockwood. Mr. Lockwood narrates the entire novel throughout, almost like an entry in his diary. Lockwood, a young London gentleman, is a newcomerRead MoreThe Importance Of Society And Class In Wuthering Heights1613 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Brontà « uses her novel Wuthering Heights to showcase how the constraints of one’s class, while only enforced by will, can take control over one’s autonomy and desires. Brontà « accomplishes this in her depiction of the characters Catherine Earnshaw Linton and Heathcliff. Catherine begins the novel as a tomboyish girl, with no intentions of becoming a â€Å"lady† as defined by the society of her time. She only begins to want to conform to feminine roles when she is introduced to the expectations of

Back to the Moon Free Essays

More than thirty years after America’s first landed on the moon, the current President of the United States, George W. Bush, recently announced his plan of sending American astronauts back to the moon (BBC News). The President’s target is to accomplish this goal by the year 2015 (Lane, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Back to the Moon or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project can be said to be merely preliminary to Bush’s more flamboyant plan, which is to prepare the exploration to Mars. Moreover, the program also intends to make up for the setbacks experienced by the United States space program, such as the Columbia shuttle disaster (BBC News). The Columbia disaster prompted Bush and a group of administration officials to develop a new plan that would use the existing space shuttles to â€Å"complete assembly of the International Space Station (ISS) by 2010† (Lane, 2004). Bush revealed his new vision for the United States human space program in a speech delivered at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) headquarters. He called for the retirement of the space shuttle to give way for building new space vehicles that would, in the future, allow travel to Mars (Lane, 2004). The space shuttle is expected to fly in about 13 or 14 more missions before its expected retirement in 2010 (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). Bush’s vision also calls for the use of robots and human manpower in the exploration of the moon. The ultimate aim of the vision is to prepare the moon as a living base and to develop means for explorations to Mars (BBC News). The Space Shuttle The space shuttle is a brainchild of improvements and inventions in rocketry. The craft contains three main engines that provide huge amounts of force compared to previous spacecrafts. It also boasts of a reusable engine and engines that weighs quite lightly considering their power (The History of Moon Exploration). Considering its characteristics, it is no wonder that Boeing boasts of it as the â€Å"most sophisticated human-rated launch vehicle in the history of space flight† (Boeing). The space shuttle had its first flight in 1981, and since then it was able to aid more than a hundred missions involving hundreds of astronauts (Boeing). Boeing claims that the spacecraft still has 75 percent of its design life to spare (Boeing). The space shuttle plays a major role in sustaining the International Space Station, being the ISS’ heavy-lift cargo vehicle. The space shuttle is responsible for having lifted the now existing structure in orbit, which comprises two-thirds of the ISS (Boeing). Bush wants to retire the space shuttle by 2010 at the earliest, hoping that by then the International Space Station is already complete (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). Bush also hopes that by the said time, the Crew Exploration Vehicle already becomes operational (Hunt, 2007; BBC News). However, before such goals are realized and as long as the shuttle remains safe to carry on its tasks, it shall remain as the primary spacecraft aiding the United States’ projects towards space (Boeing). Picture 2. The Space Shuttle. Photo retrieved March 6, 2007, from www. boeing. com/†¦ / hsfe_shuttle/what_is. html The Crew Exploration Vehicle Bush’s vision is an echo of a similar dream by his father in 1989, which did not come to fruition because the cost estimates ballooned up to $400 billion (Lane, 2004). Working on the premise that the desire to explore is part of human character, Bush said that his dream is to build space vehicles that could travel far beyond the capacity of the space shuttle, which only reaches 386 miles (Lane, 2004). Bush thus announced his plans to develop a new spacecraft called the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). This vehicle would be the first to take man to outer space since the Apollo spaceships (BBC News). The CEV is expected to be a versatile crewed vehicle that could carry American teams in a mission projected to be undertaken in 2014 or 2015. The CEV is expected to begin flight tests by the year 2008 (Lane, 2004). The CEV’s look is designed to look similarly with the bullet-like style of the Apollo-style command module (Lane, 2004). Aside from the design, however, NASA administrator Sean O’Keefe says that no design has yet been approved regarding the way of keeping the CEV boosted in the air (Lane, 2004). Robots in Space It is believed by some that robotic exploration is more beneficial than human exploration, since the former is less expensive (The Washington Post Writers Group, 2007). Moreover, Professor Robert Park of the University of Maryland claim that robots have less physical limitations than humans, which means robots have better chances of discovering scientific finds over humans (BBC News). Even other countries that spend resources on space explorations, such as China and Russia, are encouraged to use robots in such ventures (BBC News). There are current efforts using robots in space exploration. Just recently, the United States celebrated the successful landing of its robot rover Spirit on Mars (BBC News). Budgetary Constraints Since the previous space plans formulated by Bush’s father failed because of budgetary constraints (Lane, 2004), Bush is careful to get around the same drawback. Naturally, huge projects such as space explorations would cost loads of money and other resources. Thus, Bush’s ambitious new vision would entail modifications on the current budget of the NASA. The NASA currently has a five-year budget plan. However, Bush requests a $1 billion boost on this budget (Lane, 2004). This means that additional $200 million per year would be allotted for the project (Lane, 2004). This amounts to a 5% yearly increase to NASA’s current budget, which amounts to $15. 4 billion per year (BBC News). A rise of another 1% after the first three years is also requested by the U. S. President (BBC News). It is reported that Bush wants that $11 billion from the existing budget be earmarked for his new vision (Lane, 2004). The exact cost of the vision was not given (BBC News), but one thing is certain: the budget would have to be approved by Congress. (Lane, 2004). The White House, however, maintains that a â€Å"sustained focus over time† would help keep the budget for the exploration in check (Lane, 2004). There is also a need to reorient the current programs of NASA, so that NASA would not exceed its current spending, which only amounts to less than 1 percent of the federal budget, despite the additional goal (Lane, 2004). The Orion Currently, a ship has been built to carry humans to the moon. This spacecraft, called the Orion, is scheduled to debut in 2014 (Hunt, 2007). However, budgetary constraints will cause a delay of about four to six months. The Orion is now set to fly in 2015 (Hunt, 2007). NASA administrator Michael Griffin stated that Congress only approved the amount in NASA’s budget in 2006, which means that the approved budget is $545 million short of Bush’s request (Hunt, 2007). NASA does not welcome this lack of funding and the concomitant delay in the project, as strategic and practical concerns such as the degradation of equipment and facilities, besiege the institution (Hunt, 2007). A Brief History of Explorations to the Moon A brief review of the development of moon exploration is in order, so that a clear perspective can be had as to the propriety and utility of Bush’s proposed space exploration. Chinese astronomers were perhaps the first people to notice the Moon. For thousands of years, man has been captivated by the Moon, and man’s curiosity for it has been first assuaged by the invention of the telescope in 1609 (The History of Moon Exploration). The telescope, invented by Leppershey, made thorough observations possible despite the immense distance between the Earth and the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). However, this invention was a double-edged sword: man developed an even more intense curiosity for the moon, leading man to dream of someday setting foot on the distant place (The History of Moon Exploration). Because of the enormous distance of the Moon from the Earth, reaching it would only be possible through flight. Unfortunately, air transportation took quite a while to be fully developed. The groundbreaking invention of the Wright brothers can be considered the first step towards space travel, because they invented the aeroplane, which allowed man to fly (The History of Moon Exploration). In 1943, another milestone in space exploration occurred with the development of rocketry by Von Braun. Braun was responsible for the A 4, which was the first successful ballistic rocket (The History of Moon Exploration). Despite the United States’ exposure to the latest technology at the time, such as the rocketry of Braun, it was Russia that made one of the most significant developments in space exploration. 1957 witnessed the launch of Sputnik I, which was the first artificial satellite in space (The History of Moon Exploration). Russia was also the first to take pictures of the Moon. In 1959, its Luna satellites were able to obtain pictures of the far side of the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). In 1963, the United States followed in the affair of obtaining pictures in space. Its Mariner Series satellites were able to acquire detailed pictures of Venus, and a year later, of Mars (The History of Moon Exploration). Saturn rockers were the next to be developed by the United States; these rockets were later used to power the Apollo Missions (The History of Moon Exploration). The country also ventured into designing moon landing vehicles, and was successful with Surveyor 6 and the Lunar Module, which proved that rocketry could bring man to the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). The United States is also responsible for the Command and Service Module, a vehicle designed for the trip back to Earth from the Moon (The History of Moon Exploration). Man’s First Walk on the Moon The United States has the credit for sending the first man to walk on the Moon. On 21 July 1969, the whole world watched in awe as clips of Neil Armstrong’s first steps on the Moon were aired in international television (BBC News). The video clips were taken by television cameras installed on the Eagle landing craft (BBC News). How to cite Back to the Moon, Papers

Facebook trouble with User Privacy Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Facebook trouble with User Privacy. Answer: Introduction: Privacy in internet implies the security of personal published data from being tampered or misused by using several technology guided by laws and regulations. There are several websites that requires users details to allow them access into the web pages. It is of utmost importance to maintain the identity and information of any of the users by those website. Facebook has been one such website which has been recently facing issues with their users privacy. Facebook was founded and launched by Mark Zuckerberg with 4 of his friend in 2009 (Franken 2011). At present it is the most widely used socializing site over the world. The trouble that this website has been facing has been discussed. Executive Summary: During the year 2010 it has been highlighted that the option default to public is the most dangerous one whereby criminals and cyber hackers can get hold of many useful information about any particular individual and even about any company (Thompson 2012). Reported evidence states that an old lady was robbed of few several thousand dollars in lieu of false information. There are some web pages which on regular basis, automatically post pictures and writings on the walls of those users who liked them. In addition, when any person deletes or de-activates their accounts in Facebook, the data remains with the authority that can provide it to an third party vendor and advertiser. A report published on an esteemed daily stated that Facebook has announced of sharing its users phone numbers and address to a third party developer. If any hacker wants then they can even get access to the users e-mail, date of birth and approximation of the persons income. Young children are more vulnerable wit h the changing policy of Facebook (Fox-Brewster 2016). Moreover, the fact that this website helps its users in finding their friends based on certain search criteria like location, schools; workplace and so on itself suggests that it has been busy tampering its users privacy. Recently it is even not allowing people to use pet names or fake names in creating profile and hence even if one wants they cannot hide their identity. On other hand, without prior information the website often changes its outlook and security system. Previously if any person wants they could have kept themselves hidden from public search engine but at present Facebook have removed that option and now anyone can search any person by just typing their names. CEO Mark Zuckerberg has promised its users to provide safety and privacy thought yet complete is unavailable till now. Hence, people should have to be careful in sharing any pictures, comments or posts in FB in order to protect their own privacy. They should also not tamper into the privacy of other users under ethical grounds which Facebook might have not been able to provide. References Fox-Brewster, T. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2016/06/29/facebook-location-tracking-friend-games/#34b70f9f35f9 [Accessed 8 May 2017]. Franken, A. (2011).Facebook Privacy Issues. [online] Huffingtonpost.com. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/facebook-privacy-issues/ [Accessed 8 May 2017]. Thompson, D. (2012).Facebook's 10 Most Serious Threats, According to Facebook. [online] The Atlantic. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/02/facebooks-10-most-serious-threats-according-to-facebook/252398/ [Accessed 8 May 2017].

Administrative Law

Question: Discuss about the two acts the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) the Privacy Act. And how FOIA and Privacy Act are necessary in todays times for United States. Answer: Introduction In this essay we are discussing two acts the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) the Privacy Act. And how FOIA and Privacy Act are necessary in todays times for United States. In this essay we also determine the effect lobbying has on public opinion of these Acts. Andwe examine whether lobbying rules and regulations regarding these two Acts should be changed. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) (FOIA)act originate in heading 5 of the United States Code, Section 552. The Freedom of Information Act is a federal statute. The act provides that any individual has a right to demand access to federal agency records. FOIA also establishes an assumption that data in the control of agencies and departments of the Executive Branch of the U. S. administration are available to the people. Except to the amount the data are protected from revelation by any of exemptions contained in the rule or by one of three particular rule enforcement data exclusions (U.S. Department of State, N.D). FOIAhas its applicability only to federal agencies and it not gives any right of admission to data detained by Congress, law tribunal, state or local administration agencies (Homeland security, 2016). Exemptions The exemption categories that authorize government agencies to withhold information are: Classified data for national defense or overseas policy. Interior personnel system and practices. Information exempted under different laws. deal secrets and undisclosedtrade information Inter-agency or intra-agency memoranda are secluded by lawfulbenefits. Personnelandmedicinalrecords. information concerned with bank management physical and geophysical data Exclusions Congress provided special protection in the FOIA for 3 narrow categories of law enforcement and national security records.The provisions protecting those records are known as exclusions. First Exclusion protects the survival of an ongoing criminal law enforcement examination .When the topic of the investigation is ignorant that it is awaiting and revelation could reasonably be expected to hinder with enforcement proceedings. Second Exclusion is restricted to criminal rule enforcement agencies and it protects the survival of informerdata when the informants rankis not establishedofficially.Third Exclusion is restricted to the FBI and it protects the survival of overseascleverness or counterintelligence, or globalviolencedata when the survival of such records is classified. Recordsnot come under exclusion are not the topicnecessities of the FOIA(U.S. Department of State, N.D) The Privacy Act ThePrivacy Act of 1974providessafety against attack of individualprivacy through the mistreatment of data byfederal Agencies (U.S. Department of State: Freedom of Information Act)ThePrivacy Act allows aninhabitant to study how records are composed, maintained, used, and how it is dispersed by the federal administration. ThePrivacy Act permits a human being to boost its admission to most private data maintained by central agencies. And to look for alteration of any imprecise, unfinished, premature, or immaterial information (U.S. House of Representatives) The Privacy Actappliesonly to the data that are positioned in a system of records. We can define systems of records is a collection of any datain charge of any agency from which data is retrieved by the name of the human being or by other identifying figure, sign, other identifying exacting assigned to the human being. Act guarantees 3 mainprivileges: Right to see the data about oneself, but it is subjected to the Privacy Act exemptions; Right to ask for the alteration of data that are not correct, pertinent, opportune or complete. The right of persons to be safeguarded against unnecessaryattack of their privacyresultant from the collection, preservation, utilize, and revelation of personal information. Any person who is citizen of U.S.A or unfamiliarlegally admitted for lasting residence, may create a demand for individual information on his behalf under the Privacy Act. There are certain steps to be followed to create a Request for Personal Records. Requirements made under the Act will be processed together under both acts to make sure the most access to your individual records. The dissimilarityamong FOIA and PA? The main Dissimilarity among The FOIA and PA is that FOIA is an in order access regulation, whereas the PA is an in orderdefenseregulation with incompleteadmission provisions. Any person may present a FOIA request for any type of record, but a PA demand may only be made by the human being or by their lawfullycertified representativewhich is enclosedin the requested records. In spite ofto which law wequoteour request, we should processour demand under those act that gives us themaximumquantity of admission (Federal law enforcement training centers, 2015) FOIA and Privacy Act are necessary Persons can make use of the FOIA to getorganizationdataconnecting tothemselves, all should also be conscious of their options to make use ofthe Privacy Act for this purpose as well. Necessities for individualdata should be made together under FOIA and Privacy Act.FOIA, it only enables us togetadmission to suchRecords, Privacy Act establishes our right to accurate, alters, orWipe outdata, in which the data aboutus is not correct,Pertinent, opportune or complete. The Privacy Act permits to take legal action against the agency for negative response to right or alterour data,and for a negative response to give us access (Adler .A. R 2012). The right of entry provisions of FOIA and the Privacy Act overlap in part. Both laws havedissimilar procedures and different exemptions. Many times information exempted under 1 law will be a topic of revelation under the other law. If we want to take utmostbenefit of the laws, any person who wants to seek data should normally cite both laws. Any needs by a person for data that does not tell exclusively to him or her should be made only under FOIA. Congress intended that both laws should be considered together in the processing of requests for information. Administration agencies should mechanically handle requirements from persons in a way that will make the most of the quantity of data that is disclosable(U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 2012) Lobbying effects onthese Acts and lobbying rules and regulations regarding the acts should be changed. The rule of Lobbying legislation is intended to givedata to the community who is lobbying whom about what. The rule of Lobbying Act 2015 was signed into rule on 11 March 2015. The main reasonfor this act is to give a web-based list of Lobbying to make information obtainable to the community on the individuality of those communicating with chosen public officials on exact policy, lawmaking matters or potential decisions. Act also gives limitations and circumstances on the taking up of sure employments by surechosen officials for a particulartimewhen alikelydisagreement of attention arises. Act comes into effect on September 2015. Regulator of Lobbying Standards Commission is the Regulator of Lobbying. The Commission will supervise the completion of the list, check compliance, givedirection and help and when necessaryit inspects and follows the breaches of lawfulnecessities in due course. Standards Commission has a responsibility under the legislation to issue direction and information to encourageasympathetic of the legislation.Lobbying rules and regulations regarding these Acts should be changed but only to the extend it is beneficial to the public. References U.S. Department of State: Freedom of Information Act retrieved on 29-Aug-2016 from https://foia.state.gov/Learn/FOIA.aspx Homeland security(2016)Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)retrieved on 29-Aug-2016 from https://www.dhs.gov/freedom-information-act-foia U.S. House of Representatives (N.D), committee on oversight and government reform,a citizen's guide on using the freedom of information act and the privacy act of 1974 to request government recordsretrieved on 29-Aug-2016 fromhttps://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Citizens-Guide-on-Using-FOIA.2012.pdf Federal law enforcement training centers (2015), Guide To FOIA the Privacy Actretrieved on 29-Aug-2016 fromhttps://www.fletc.gov/guide-foia-privacy-act#WhatisthedifferencebetweentheFOIAandPA U.S. Department of State: Freedom of Information Act, Information Access Guide retrieved on 29-Aug-2016 from https://foia.state.gov/Request/Guide.aspx U.S. House of Representatives, committee on oversight and government reform,a citizen's guide on using the freedom of information act and the privacy act of 1974 to request government records, the privacy act of 1974retrieved on 29-Aug-2016 fromhttps://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Citizens-Guide-on-Using-FOIA.2012.pdf Adler .A. R (2012), STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE to using the Freedom of InformationAct,retrieved on 29-Aug-2016 fromhttps://www.skepticfiles.org/aclu/foia.htm Lamdan, S. (2012), protecting the Freedom of Information Act requestor: Privacy for information seekers,retrieved on 29-Aug-2016 from https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ofsAN=77410145site=ehost-live

Team Summary free essay sample

In week four material we learned about IT projects and how crucial and essential these projects are to a business. We learned the importance of these projects and project management. A key point discussed in week four material is project planning and the triple constraints of project management. The triple constraints of project managements include the time, scope, and cost of a project. Every project also should be assessed using five steps or stages: * Project Initiation Project Planning * Project Execution * Project Monitoring and Control * Project Completion We also learned about business programs and gained an understanding of the technical side and the many different steps required to build a successful program. Deciding on a type of program depends on a few important steps. There are different models an organization can utilize to assist in project management and execution. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is an example of one way that companies use different steps to decide which program to use. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lifecycle involves six stages the systems investigation, systems analysis, systems design, programming and testing, implementation, and operation and maintenance. Systems Investigations are when developers research the existing problems with the current system. Then the developers examine the problem and determine the user requirements, which is Systems Analysis. System Design is the step when developers decide how to resolve the problem. Next the developers change the solution to the problem into computer code, which is Programming and Testing. Implementation happens when the old system is converted into the new system. To ensure the success of the new program, the developers schedule audits to assess the systems capabilities, which is Operation and Maintenance. The systems development life cycle is important because it forces staff to systematically go through every step in a structured process, enforces quality by maintaining standards, and lowers the probability of missing important issues in collecting user requirements. Many different presentation tools exist for businesses. These presentations can include features that enhance the presentation visually and assist a speaker in delivering a great presentation. Microsoft PowerPoint may be one of the most popular but many other designers are emerging. The choice to invest in a good presentation tool depends on the type of business and how often the business will use the presentation tool. The different presentation tools available can provide people and companies with a different edge on presenting their material. Although some of the different presentation tools may charge a fee, some monthly, some yearly, and some have a one-time fee, it may be in the best interest of a company to invest in a different type of presentation tools.

Before and Ago

Before and Ago Before and Ago Before and Ago By Maeve Maddox I came across the following sentence in a writers movie synopsis: [a man] passes away and bequeaths his shack on the island to a woman, a young girl that he met many years ago when he was in a prisoner of war hospital. The word that jars is ago where before is called for. before at some unknown time before now. ago at a certain time before, counting back from the present Another way of writing the above sentence would be to make use of a perfect tense: [a man] passes away and bequeaths his shack on the island to a woman, a young girl that he had met many years before when he was in a prisoner of war hospital. Even if the lapse of time had been specified, the sentence would still call for before: Â  [a man] passes away and bequeaths his shack on the island to a woman, a young girl that he met twenty years before, when he was in a prisoner of war hospital. Ago is for counting back from the present. The man is dead in the present described in the synopsis. Therefore before, not ago, is called for. For variation, you can use earlier or previously to indicate a time before a time already in the past. For a more detailed discussion of the uses of ago and before go here. Â   Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better WriterWoof or Weft?

Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Existentialism - Essay Example Levinas claimed that human existence in terms of Holocaust is rather a descriptive than prescriptive. Thus, Levinas claimed that humans were unable to oppose to a dreadful Holocaust. There can be no religious solution to the phenomenon of Holocaust. Therefore, these philosophers question the existence of God. Such an awful historical whip has made these philosophers reevaluate their attitude to God and religion. The reasons for God’s actions cannot be interpreted. Auschwitz existence cannot be removed from our history; nevertheless it is possible to prevent its future occurrence. With this regard, the essence of its existence should be found out. Concerning the basic concepts of a human existence, such as freedom†, â€Å"responsibility† and â€Å"suffering†, Frankl suggests an interesting interpretation of these concepts from existential perspective. Frankl considers freedom from an existential perspective and he considers it together with the concept of re sponsibility. Existential freedom of a person exists in spite of the fact whether he is politically free or not. Frankl relates freedom and responsibility in the following terms: "Life ultimately means taking the responsibility to find the right answer to its problems and to fulfill the tasks which it constantly sets for each individual" (Frankl).

Business Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan - Term Paper Example With clear targeted clienteles, market analysis is likewise done to have a clearer picture of the organization’s strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The company has a P10 million initial capital and its targets to gain comfortable and reasonable return or profit for sustainability. The business plan is its map to attain success in this business venture. Executive Summary This is a business plan of Ameritech Corporation. This business concept is developed as a start up plan and thus details business plan and its operations. Experts viewed that a business plan is a fundamental necessity in starting a venture. The plan consists of a narrative and research to ensure that company will be able to open and operate systematically with concrete understanding and context of the market. Details below discuss the nature of the company, its products and services; its targeted market; its financial plan and an initial SWOT analysis conducted as first step in scanning the m arket. AmeriTech company will be venturing on marketing information technology. Below is the proposed organizational structure of the company: The CEO will do all the executive functions, lead the planning and implementation and conduct the regular monitoring of the human resources. The SEO does the market analysis. The finance department will be in-charge for the financial disposition, disbursement of salary, payment of purchases and for regular reporting of financial status. It will also be liable for accounting. The marketing department will be composed of human resources, preferably those who have earned a degree in information technology course and has background on business management. They will deal with the customers on regular basis and ensure their satisfaction. The operations department will be responsible for the transportation of purchases from infotech producer and will be accountable for the quality of these products. The support technology engineer on the other hand, will ensure that they will be able to produce online or personal support to customers who suffer some problems in the utilization if the communication gadgets. These are human resources that are trained and capable of fine tuning the equipments and in repairing them in case of defects. Or, in case the gadgets are irreparable, they are those who are knowledgeable to advise customers on the best option to undertake. Company overview AmeriTech Corporation is a company dedicated in selling or marketing information technology facilities. These infotechnologies include computers, laptops, computer accessories, camera, cellular phones with accessories, telephone and fax machines. Softwares related thereto will also be sold. It is located at the heart of San Francisco, California. The company’s vision is to become a business leader in marketing quality infotechnology and other related communication products/services to improve lives, virtually bridge distances between peoples, insti tutions and companies. The company’s mission is to provide infotech consumers with reasonable way of enjoying quality business services, to boost its profit, and to advance the use of technology. Products and Services The company sells information technology such as computers, laptops, cellular phones, telephones, fax machines and their related accessories. It will also sell internet facilities such as

Anti-viral and Anti-cancer Effect of Sea Cucumber Extracts

Anti-viral and Anti-cancer Effect of Sea Cucumber Extracts The Anti-viral and Anti-cancer effect of secondary metabolite extracts from sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota) in vitro Abstract Sea cucumber is used as food purposes and traditional medicine in Asia and Middle East society. In this scientific study we try to examine antiviral effect of organic extracts, obtained from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota species against HIV-1. For this reason, sea cucumber collected from 10-30 meters depths, around Larak Island. In order to extract, were used from methanol and diethyl ether solvents. All obtained extracts concentrated by rotary evaporator in 40  ° C and then changed to lyophilized powder by vacuum freeze dryer. After that, potential antiviral effect of each extracts on HIV-1 was investigated. The results of this experiments showed that all extracts in some concentrations were able to inhibit the replication of HIV-1. IC50 for their was variable between 5.03  ± 1.90  µg/ml until 337.60  ± 1.34  µg/ml . but cytotoxic effect of all extracts in host cell were also many and CC50 for their was variable between 5.11  ± 1.89  µg/ml until 56.27  ± 1.54  µg/ml. results shown detail ether body wall extract have highest antiviral effect and also it was relatively less cytotoxic effect. 2.79 TI for this extract was shown, it has potential to inhibit HIV-1 after identify and extract effective substances. For survey anti-cancer probably effect have used XTT assay. The results of this experiment showed, all different extracts could be able to prevent Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) in some concentration. But also, they had strong cytotoxic effect on normal cell line (HEK293T). Totaly between all different extracts, body wall diethyl ether extract had less cytotoxic effect on normal cells and with 2.46 TI index, showed rather anticancer activitythan other extract. Introduction In recent years, many bioactive compounds identify and derived from various marine organisms. Searches for discover new metabolites led to isolated 10,000 new combination from marine animals. Many of these compounds are related to medicine and pharmacy. This compounds and natural products have been source of materials that have medicine effects (Faulkner, 1996). These bioactive compounds isolated from various marine organisms, including Corals, crabs, seaweeds, Echinoderms, fishes, sponges and etc. Sea cucumbers belong to the phylum Echinodermata, meaning that, they are spiny-skinned, under the class Holothuridea. They are found throughout the nearshore coral reef environment and are also found in the deepest parts of the ocean. Sea cucumbers play an important role in reef recycling, gathering organic detritus and bacteria from the water or sand for food. These particles are digested by the animals in order to extract nutrients, a process that helps turn over sediments to maintain an environment that supports other marine life. Other animals, including fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, eat sea cucumber eggs, larvae and juveniles making them an important member of the food web. Many species eject Cuvierian tubules when threatened. These are very sticky and can be toxic or irritating to predators. They are a diverse group of flexible, elongated, worm-like organ- isms, with a leathery skin and gelatinous body, resembling cucumber (Bordbar, Anwar, Saari, 2011) Sea cucumbers are one of the marine animals which are important as human food source, particularly in some parts of Asia . Sea cucumbers, informally named as bà ªche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. In Holothuria leucospilota live specimens have reddish-purple until black and their color is converted to brownish-pink in alcohol. they have Cylindrical body and their abdomen is a little flat. The body wall of the sea cucumber lacks the rigidity found in other echinoderms because the calcareous plates (ossicles) that compose the skeletal system are very small and widely isolated. These ossicles are secreted by special cells called sclerocytes and are embedded in the outer layers of the skin. Ossicles are species-specific in structure and complexity, and can be used to identify species ( Lambert., 2005). Many bioactive compounds have been reported from different species of sea cucumber. A number of these compounds possess biological activity (Bryan et al., 1992; Villasin and Pomory, 2000) Some of sea cucumber species in Malaysia water are being used in traditional medicine to treat wound, eczema, arthritis or hypertension (Farouk et al., 2007). Sea cucumbers have been well recognized as a tonic and traditional remedy in Chinese and Malaysian literature for their effectiveness against hypertension, asthma, rheumatism, cuts and burns, impotence and constipation [18–23]. Several unique biological and pharmacological activities namely anti-angiogenic [24], anticancer [25], anticoagulant [26,27], anti-hypertension [28], anti-inflammatory [29–31], antimicrobial [32,33], antioxidant [34], antithrombotic [35,36], antitumor [37,38], and wound healing [39] have been ascribed to chemical compounds extracted from different sea cucumber species (Bordbar et al., 2011). These medicinal benefits and health functions of sea cucumbers can be attributed to the presence of appreciable amounts of bioactive compounds, especially the triterpene glycosides (saponins) [40–42], chondroitin sulfates [43], glycosaminoglycan [26,36], sulfated polysaccharides [44], sterols (glycosides and sulfates) [45], phenolics [46], peptides [47], cerberosides [48] and lectins [49–51]. Unlike bacteria, fungi and parasites, viruses have no cellular structure. when Viruses are outside live cells they behave like organic compounds and they are not able to replicate and clone independently. They do not have inner cytoplasmic organs such as ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosome. HIV-1 virus or human immunodeficiency virus is an RNA virus of the retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) in humans. According to the World Health Organization, 60 million people worldwide are infected with HIV and each day 5,700 lose their live because of this disease.( UNAIDS, 2010) HIV tends to infect and kill T lymphocytes that cause reduction and losing host cellular immunity and will make susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The presence of various materials, such as Liouvillosides A and B which are trisulfated triterpene glycosides and fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCS), are causing appear anti-viral effects in extracts of these animals. The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide into new cells, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a persons life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. But often no clear cause is found. Material and methods Sample collection All samples collected from 10-30 meters depth around Larak Island and they had transferred to shore with ice. Upon reaching the shore, samples were frozen using dry ice and transported to the laboratory. Samples kept in separated labeled plastic bags in frozen at -20 C until extraction. Extraction Sampels thawed with water and then mud, or sand, foreign particles remaining from the body surface and were washed away with tap water. Samples were cuted from both sides of the midline of the body. internal organs separated from body wall and they cleaned with tap water before extraction. Extracts were prepared following Naik et al. at first, fresh holothurians were rinsed and cut into small pieces. Then cut samples moved to Erlenmeyer with 1000 cc diethyl ether solvent. The sample was collected in diethyletter about 24 hours, the semi- polar and non- poplar extraction was produced. After solution filtered and evaporating diethyletter to dryness, at low pressure at 35- 40C by using Rota vapor. Then the sample put in methanol for 72 hours, The polar extraction was produced The polar compounds in the phase of methanol- aqueous extracts were separated. The concentrated methanol extracts was then dried to obtain crude semi-solid extracts. The crude extract was then weighted and percentages of extraction from sea cucumber were calculated. After 72 hours evaporating methanol to dryness, at low pressure at 40-45 C by using Rota vapor and at the end , extract changed to lyophilized powder by vacuum freeze dryer. Production of Pseudotyped Single-Cycle Replicable HIV Virions Single-cycle replicable HIV-1 (SCR HIV-1) virions were constructed by deleting a 2-kb segment within the Pol region of the HIV-1 genome from the pNL4-3 strain (provided by Dr. Navid Madani). Pseudotyped SCR HIV- 1 virions were produced by co-transfection of HEK293T cells with pmzNL4-3 (containing the mutated genome), psPAX2, and pMD2G plasmids obtained from Addgene (www.addgene.org) (10, 11). The pmzNL4-3 plasmid encodes the HIV-1 full-length RNA, with packaging ability containing the above-mentioned deletion in the Pol region; the psPAX2 plasmid encodes HIV Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins, in addition to all the viral accessory proteins; and the pMD2G plasmid encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus surface glycoprotein (VSVG), which is necessary for virion assembly and the budding process. These pseudotyped virions are able to infect a broad spectrum of cells, even without the CD4 receptor. After co-transfection of the HEK293T cells with the  above-mentioned plasmids b y using the Polyfect reagent (Qiagen, Germany), supernatant containing the  virions was harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h. Virus stock was concentrated 20 times by ultracentrifugation, p24 load was quantified (HIV p24 ELISA, Biomerieux, France), and the stock was stored at -70 °C (10, 11) Cell lines The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)–infected cell line Hela and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells and Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured at 37 °C with 5% CO2 in RPMI1640 medium (Biosera, England) and DMEM (Biosera, England), respectively. The media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Biosera, England), 200 units/mL of penicillin G, and 80 µg/mL of streptomycin (Sigma, USA). XTT-Based Cytotoxicity Assay The cellular toxicity of methanol and diethyl ether extracts in HEK293T, Hela and KB cells were assessed using a cell proliferation XTT kit (Roche Diagnostics, Germany), as described previously (9). Briefly, cells were plated in triplicate in 96-well plates in the presence or absence of various concentrations of methanol and diethyl ether extracts. After incubation at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 3 days, 50 ÃŽ ¼L of prepared XTT mixture was added to each well. The cells were incubated for an additional 4 h to allow the production of XTT formazan. Absorbance was measured using an ELISA plate reader (BioTek ELx800) at a test wavelength of 450 nm and a reference wavelength of 690 nm. Percent inhibition was calculated using the following formula: Inhibition (%) = [100 – (At/ As)] Ãâ€" 100, where As is the absorbance of the solvent and At, of the test sample, respectively. The cytotoxic concentration that resulted in a reduction of the number of viable cells by 50% (CC50) was calculate d from doseresponse curves. Replication assay Vesicular stomatitis virus glyco ­protein (VSVG)-SCR virions can infect Hela cells and complete their replication cycle by assembling of inactive virions. Hela cells (6Ãâ€"104) were seeded in each well of 24 well plates containing 250 ÃŽ ¼l of complete medium and infected with 400 ng P24 VSVG-SCR virions. Cells and virions were incubated together overnight and cells were then washed two times with pre-warmed 5% FBS supplemented DMEM. Complete medium (400 ÃŽ ¼l) was added into each well and cell supernatants were analyzed for p24 load after 48 hrs (HIV P24 ELISA, BIOMERIEUX). Result Antitumor effect of the sea cucumber extracts Evaluations of sea cucumber H. leucospilota extracts for potential anticancer activity on growth human cancer cell lines, Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were evaluated by XTT assay. Methanol digestive organs extract with 2.46 TI index (table 1), showed better anti-cancer effect than other extracts obtained from sea cucumber. Compared to untreated control was detected. The dose dependent decreasing in the percentage of viability of treated cancer cells comparing to controls was represented in the (Fig. 1A to D). As shown in (Fig. 1B), among the other extracts, only methanol digestive organs exhibited antiproliferative effects against the cancer cells. In addition this extract was rather less cytotoxic against HEK293T compared with other extracts. Bars represent means of triplicate determinations, and error bar indicate SD. Results were accepted to be significant at p Table-1- Inhibitory effects of sea cucumbers extracts on growth growth human cancer cell lines, Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) Extracts IC50 CC50 TI (CC50/ IC50) KB HEK Methanol body wall 224.9  ± 1.33 281.0  ± 1.18 1.24 Methanol digestive organs 152.5  ± 1.29 375.4  ± 1.11 2.46 Methanol gonad 500 360.1  ± 1.75 0.72> Diethyl ether body wall 279.0  ± 1.17 284.9  ± 1.19 1.02 Diethyl ether digestive organs ~ 449.4  ± 2.51 444.2  ± 1.55 ~1.01 Diethyl ether gonad 367.1  ± 1.29 302.2  ± 1.12 0.82 The IC50 (inhibition concentration 50% of extract that caused inhibition cancerous KB cell line), CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration of the extracts on HEK) and TI (therapeutic index) of different extracts of sea cucumber by using XTT assay, mean  ± SD . Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of sea cucumber extracts on cancerous (KB) and normal (HEK293T) cells, was determined using the XTT assay (un- treated control (1  µl DMSO) cells) Effect of sea cucumber H. leucospilota extracts on KB and HEK293T cells. Internal organs extracts (50 mg/ml) highest antiproliferative effects against KB cells and don’t significant cytotoxic effects than other concentration. Values are mean  ± SD of three determinations. Anti-HIV activity of the sea cucumber extracts In this study first we evaluated the cytotoxic activity on hella cells of different concentration of each extracts with XTT assay. XTT assay appeared all extracts have substantial cytotoxic effect on host cell line. The antiviral activities of each extract are summarized in Table 2. We further determined whether the inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication of these extracts were dose-dependent. We infected hella cells with HIV-1 viruses and then treated the cells with each of the extracts at a concentration of 10  µg/ml to 1000  µg/ml fig 2A to F. None of the extracts showed significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication but the concentration of 100 µ g/ml methanol digestive organs, inhibit HIV-1 replication with less cytotoxic effect compared to other extract fig 2A.in addition body wall extract, with 2.79 TI index has rather better antiviral activity than other extracts(table 2). We also included 0.1% DMSO as a negative control and nevirapine as a positive control in these experi ments. Bars represent means of triplicate determinations, and error bar indicate SD. Results were accepted to be significant at p Table-2- The IC50 (inhibition concentration 50% of extract that caused inhibition of viral replication in HIV-1), CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration of the extracts on host cells (Hela)) and TI (therapeutic index) of different extracts of sea cucumber Extracts IC50 CC50 TI (CC50/ IC50) Methanol body wall 35.89  ± 1.21 19.15  ± 1.45 0.53 Methanol digestive organs 57.61  ± 3.02 23.79 ± 1.67 0.41 Methanol gonad 337.60  ± 1.34 9.084  ± 1.15 0.02 Diethyl ether body wall 20.14  ± 1.16 56.27  ± 1.54 2.79 Diethyl ether digestive organs 37.01  ± 1.19 49.65  ± 1.53 1.34 Diethyl ether gonad 5.03  ± 1.90 5.11  ± 1.89 1.01 The average percentage of HIV-1 replication with extracts treatments based on three independent experiments. The percentage was considered as 100% when HIV-1 replication of DMSO sample reached to the peak. Instead, the rest of other samples with extracts treatments were calculated and converted into percentages based on DMSO and nevirapine used as a positive control in these experiments. The data were mean  ± SEM of three independent experiments.